Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and lung transplantation: current evidence and future directions.

Background: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) patients generally have a poorer prognosis compared to those with either pulmonary fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema alone, as demonstrated by several studies. Our study aimed to identify undiagnosed CPFE cases within a lung transplantation cohort initially diagnosed with interstitial lung fibrosis or COPD/emphysema. It was hypothesized that the patient cohort might contain overlooked CPFE cases, and CPFE patients would exhibit a higher incidence of pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension and post-transplant chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD).

Extraction of clinical data on major pulmonary diseases from unstructured radiologic reports using a large language model.

Despite significant strides in big data technology, extracting information from unstructured clinical data remains a formidable challenge. This study investigated the utility of large language models (LLMs) for extracting clinical data from unstructured radiological reports without additional training. In this retrospective study, 1800 radiologic reports, 600 from each of the three university hospitals, were collected, with seven pulmonary outcomes defined.

Association of Insulin Resistance With Radiographic Lung Abnormalities and Incident Lung Disease: The Framingham Offspring Study.

Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) may be a risk factor for lung disease, but objective evidence is limited. We sought to define the relationship of longitudinal IR with radiographic imaging outcomes and examiner-identified incident lung disease in the Framingham Offspring Study.

Research Design And Methods: Participants without baseline lung disease underwent repeated measurements of fasting insulin and glucose levels over an average period of 13.

Interstitial lung disease associated with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase syndrome: quantitative evaluation of CT after initial treatment and long-term follow-up.

Background: Visual evaluation of interstitial lung disease (ILD)-related changes can generate intra- and inter-observer errors. However, recent deep learning (DL) algorithm advances have facilitated accurate lung segmentation, lesion characterization, and quantification.

Purpose: To evaluate the treatment response and long-term course in ILD associated with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase syndrome (anti-ARS ILD) using a DL algorithm.

Streptococcus salivarius pneumonia-associated pneumomediastinum: a case report and literature review.

Background: Streptococcus salivarius is an opportunistic pathogen, and there have been no reported cases of Streptococcus salivarius pneumonia to date. Pneumomediastinum is usually secondary to tracheal or esophageal injury and is very rare as a complication of pneumonia. We report a case of Streptococcus salivarius pneumonia complicated by pneumomediastinum, aiming to enhance clinicians' awareness of rare pathogens and uncommon complications in pneumonia.

Airways Abnormalities in a Prospective Cohort of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects roughly 1% of the population and commonly involves the lungs. Of lung involvement in RA, interstitial lung disease (ILD) is well known; however, airways disease in RA is relatively understudied.

Research Question: What are the baseline airways abnormalities in a prospective cohort of patients with RA based on pulmonary function testing (PFT) results, high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans, and computational imaging analysis and are there associations between these abnormalities and respiratory symptoms?

Study Design And Methods: In this single-center study, 188 patients with RA without a clinical diagnosis of ILD underwent HRCT imaging and PFT.

Determinants of cough-related quality of life in interstitial lung diseases.

Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) include a wide range of diseases impacting lung parenchyma and leading to fibrosis and architectural distortion. Chronic cough and dyspnea are common symptoms which affect the quality of life (QoL) in ILD patients. The mechanisms of cough in ILD patients are still unknown.

Quantitative Imaging Methods in Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema.

Topic Importance: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is an underdiagnosed syndrome in which individuals have variable degrees of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Patients with CPFE have high morbidity, including poor exercise tolerance and increased development of comorbidities. CPFE mortality also seems to outpace that of lone emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis.

Partial rupture of the left main bronchus with left lung atelectasis due to blunt chest injury: a case report.

Background: Bronchial injury is rare in blunt chest trauma, but can be life-threatening. The symptoms of patients with complete bronchial rupture are typical, and most of them are diagnosed in a timely manner and treated with surgery. However, for those with partial rupture of the bronchus, the symptoms are mild, the imaging results are negative, the possibility of delayed diagnosis is high, and serious complications can occur.

Pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum after COVID-19: concealed intestinal perforation.

Background: With the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many severe cases have been discovered worldwide. Here, a case of concurrent pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and intestinal perforation was reported. This case was the first report on COVID-19-induced related complications.

Restrictive Spirometric Pattern and Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry in a Population Aged 50-64 Years.

Knowledge regarding the prevalence and shared and unique characteristics of the restrictive spirometric pattern (RSP) and preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is lacking for a general population investigated with post-bronchodilator spirometry and computed tomography of the lungs. To investigate shared and unique features for RSP and PRISm. In the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), a general population sample of 28,555 people aged 50-64 years (including 14,558 never-smokers) was assessed.

Realistic wave-optics simulation of X-ray dark-field imaging at a human scale.

Background: X-ray dark-field imaging (XDFI) has been explored to provide superior performance over the conventional X-ray imaging for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions. A simulation tool to reliably predict clinical XDFI images at a human scale, however, is currently missing.

Purpose: In this paper, we demonstrate XDFI simulation at a human scale for the first time to the best of our knowledge.

A Novel Imaging Device for Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy.

The purpose of this article is to introduce a novel imaging device and technique for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) and evaluate its clinical application. We have modified the bronchoscope to generate a novel imaging device. The handle of the bronchoscope was removed and replaced with added fixation pieces to secure the new device to the endotracheal tube.

Case Report: Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.

Idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (IPPFE) is a very rare and a slowly conspicuous progressing chronic lung disease, which usually involves the upper lobes of the lung. This unusual disease, first recognized as a rare idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 2013, is characterized by dense fibrosis of the visceral pleura and the subjacent lung parenchyma accompanied by elastosis predominating in the subpleural alveolar walls. In the interest of improving our understanding of this uncommon disease, we report a case of IPPFE established by pathology results.

[Chest computed tomography manifestations in neonates with chronic granulomatous disease].

Objectives: To study chest computed tomography (CT) manifestations in neonates with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) to provide clues for early diagnosis of this disease.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data and chest CT scan results of neonates diagnosed with CGD from January 2015 to December 2022 at Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital.

Results: Nine neonates with CGD were included, with eight presenting respiratory symptoms as the initial sign.

Short-term changes in chest CT images among individuals at low altitude after entering high-altitude environments.

Objective: To investigate the short-term changes in chest CT images of low-altitude populations after entering a high-altitude environment.

Methods: Chest CT images of 3,587 people from low-altitude areas were obtained within one month of entering a high-altitude environment. Abnormal CT features and clinical symptoms were analyzed.

Quantifying abnormal alveolar microstructure in cystic fibrosis lung disease via hyperpolarized Xe diffusion MRI.

Rationale: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) progresses through recurrent infection and inflammation, causing permanent lung function loss and airway remodeling. CT scans reveal abnormally low-density lung parenchyma in CF, but its microstructural nature remains insufficiently explored due to clinical CT limitations. To this end, diffusion-weighted Xe MRI is a non-invasive and validated measure of lung microstructure.