Validity of projective drawing indices of male homosexuality.

We investigated the hypothesis that certain signs in the Draw-A-Person projective technique reflect male homosexuality. Human figure drawings from gay and 88 heterosexual men, with no clinical psychological symptoms, were submitted to trained raters who were blind to the purpose of this research. The raters independently judged whether 21 signs, previously referenced in the literature as suggestive of male homosexuality, were present in the figure drawings.

Maternal variables related to sexually abused children's functioning.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore how mothers' developmental history and current functioning affects their sexually abused children's functioning and recovery.

Method: A sample of 67 African-American mothers and their sexually abused children participated in this study. Interviews and a range of adult and child measures were administered in order to assess maternal developmental history and current functioning, and child functioning.

A three-generational study comparing the families of supportive and unsupportive mothers of sexually abused children.

This three-generational study investigated family histories of attachment relationships and abusive experiences as well as current functioning of family members that differentiate supportive from unsupportive mothers of sexually abused children. Interviews and standardized adult and child measures were administered to a sample, including (a) 99 nonoffending African American mothers and their children aged 4 to 12 years, of whom 61 mothers were classified as supportive and 38 were classified as unsupportive, and (b) 52 grandmothers, of whom 33 were the mothers of supportive mothers and 19 were the mothers of unsupportive mothers. The authors' findings indicate that a history of conflicted and/or disrupted attachment relationships between grandmother and mother, and mother and child, and less support provided by the grandmother to the child characterize families in which sexually abused children do not receive maternal support.

Child sexual abuse, peer sexual abuse, and sexual assault in adulthood: a multi-risk model of revictimization.

This study explored the predictors and consequences of sexual assault occurring after the age of 16 years in a nonclinical sample of women. Child sexual abuse occurring before the age of 16 years was the only predictor of later sexual assault among comorbid risk factors. Peer sexual abuse, number of perpetrators, age at time of sexual abuse, and severity of sexual abuse did not increase the risk for later sexual assault.

Psychological needs associated with MMPI-2 scales in a nonclinical sample.

The psychological needs derived from the Adjective Check List (ACL; Gough & Heilbrun, 1983b) that are associated with MMPI-2 scales were studied among 198 nonclinical participants. Both the Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales were negatively correlated with needs for achievement and dominance and positively correlated with needs for abasement and succorance (dependence). The Schizophrenia (Sc) scale was negatively associated with need for affiliation and positively associated with need for abasement.

Testimony based on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: review, commentary, and guidelines.

Test results from the MCMI have been ruled admissible in court for a variety of clinical and forensic issues. This article addresses MCMI issues such as the test's applicability and admissibility of test results in forensic evaluations, test administration, test scoring, malingering and deception, prediction and diagnosis of behavior, reliability, validity, operating characteristics and diagnostic efficiency statistics, and use of computer-assisted interpretation of test results for forensic presentation. Recommendations are suggested for dealing with each of these issues in a forensic context.

Methadone maintenance. Does dose determine differences in outcome?

We conducted a naturalistic study to determine if higher methadone doses were more effective than lower doses in the outcome variables of illicit drug use, treatment retention, missed medication days, and ratings of patient progress by assigned counselor among 265 patients in a Department of Veterans Affairs Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. Results indicated no significant differences on any outcome variable by methadone dose. However, we found a significant effect by assigned therapist.

Affect and self-regulation in binge eaters: effects of activating family images.

Objective: This study examined the impact of activating internalized family images on affective states and behavioral self-regulation.

Method: Sixty-four female binge eaters and normal controls were randomly assigned to family- or neutral-state inductions.

Results: The family induction had a differentially negative impact on binge eaters.

Need and responsiveness in the treatment of a severely traumatized patient: a relational perspective.

Severely traumatized patients may exhibit poor functioning and a great deal of dependence upon the therapist. The question is raised as to what such patients truly need from a therapist, and the concept of optimal responsiveness is described. These patients may display complex blends of deficits, resulting from inadequate structuralization, together with pathological internal representations.

Correspondence of MMPI and MMPI-2 with chemically dependent patients.

One hundred (39 women and 61 men) hospitalized substance abusers were administered the MMPI and MMPI-2. The correspondence of T-Scores, Codetypes, and MAC/MAC-R scores were analyzed. Results showed that the MMPI-2 produced profiles that were consistent with previous research on the MMPI with substance abusers.

16 PF profiles and typologies for patients seen in marital therapy.

The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the personality characteristics of 145 patients seen in outpatient marital therapy in private practice. Cluster analysis of the entire sample resulted in five separate typologies which were statistically significant and clinically meaningful and which suggested different goals for counseling. Patients seeking marital therapy were significantly more tense, anxious, worrisome, suspicious, bold, and shrewd than the normal persons in the 16 PF standardization sample.

Contributions to psychohistory: XXIII. Hemingway "analyzed".

This paper is a review of major published works from psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psychologists, academic scholars, and experts who have presented an "analysis" of the personality of Ernest Hemingway. Points of agreement and contrasting points of contention are discussed.

Clinical diagnoses and MCMI codetypes.

From a comprehensive literature review of all papers published on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (I/II) from 1980-1993, MCMI test codetypes associated with various personality and clinical disorders were derived from the empirical literature. They are presented in an Appendix for clinical and research interests.

MCMI-II profiles and typologies for patients seen in marital therapy.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II profiles of 145 patients in marital therapy, seen in a private-practice outpatient setting, were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct clusters were found (MCMI-II Codetypes 58B4, 8A6B8B5, 3217, and 37). Each of these clusters suggested different therapeutic goals.

Psychological screening of sexually violent offenders with the MCMI.

The MCMI was administered to 603 recently convicted violent offenders, grouped according to nature of the offense into child molesters (n = 201), rapists (n = 195), and non-sexually aggressive felons (n = 205). Both groups of sexual offenders were more passive-aggressive, but child molesters were more dependent, anxious, and depressed than the other two groups, whose personality style was more narcissistic and independent with little psychic distress. Results confirm earlier findings based on MMPI test results, which show that the personality styles of rapists are more similar to those of non-sexually aggressive felons than to those of child molesters.

The impact of maternal history and behavior upon foster placement and adjustment in sexually abused girls.

This study investigated the impact of the nonoffending mother's childhood history and current functioning upon the psychological status and placement decisions for 68 sexually abused girls. Maternal history of abuse and/or poor childhood attachment relationships were significantly related to current maternal substance abuse. Maternal substance abuse and dissatisfaction with social support were significantly associated with lack of maternal support to the child and more abuse incidents, which in turn were related to more sexual abuse-related symptomatology and placement in foster care.

Adolescent substance abuse prevention.

Increasing attention is being focused on the prevention of substance use, rather than treatment. The author critiques the literature and provides a conceptual framework for a better understanding of adolescent substance abuse prevention under school-based, psychosocial, and legislative models.

The imp of the reverse: A phenomenology of the unconscious.

The debate regarding the unitary versus multiple nature of the human person is examined with special attention to the division between conscious and unconscious. The roots of the unconscious are traced to the experience of alienation or feeling divided within. An existential analysis is provided in order to shed light on the nature of the unconscious.

Sexual abuse and eating disorders: a review.

Studies investigating a possible relationship between sexual abuse and eating disorders have reported highly discrepant results. Some variability can be accounted for by methodological issues including diagnostic criteria, study design, and assessment techniques. The heterogeneity of an eating disordered population, especially regarding the comorbidity of eating pathology and personality disorder, is also a factor.

Relationship between MCMI-II scales and normal personality traits.

We correlated MCMI-II and 16 PF profiles of 145 couples in outpatient marital therapy and noted significant associations between these tests that were consistently and logically related to constructs which underlie the meaning of the MCMI-II scales. This provided good concurrent validity for both the Personality and Clinical Scales of the MCMI-II. These results add credence to research designed to study Millon's basic styles in normal populations.

Conscious and unconscious perceptions of self in children of alcoholics.

The conscious and unconscious self-concept was examined in three groups of children: 23 children of alcoholics (COA), 19 children from nonalcoholic but dysfunctional families, and 23 children from normal families without alcoholism or family dysfunction. Self-concept was assessed both objectively, using the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale, and subjectively, using the Draw-A-Person Test and the Thematic Apperception Test from rating systems designed to tap unconscious dimensions of self. The COAs and normal controls were also compared for behavioral problems with the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist.

Personality factors in Psy.D. students: empirically derived comparisons between men and women.

A total of 180 students in a Doctor of Psychology program of an APA-accredited Professional School of Psychology (55 men and 125 women) took the MMPI for course requirements. A larger subgroup (43 men and 88 women) also completed the Adjective Check List. Men scored higher than women on the MMPI dimensions of Assertion (Pd), Organization (Pt), and Imagination (Sc).

Assessing drug abusers with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: a review.

This paper reviews studies that used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory with drug abusers. Although the test has been used with over 2000 such patients in the published literature, there is still a dearth of basic research with the MCMI with this population. Preliminary evidence suggests that the Personality Disorder Scales are quite useful to assess personality styles of drug abusers, but the Clinical Syndrome Scales present some problems.