Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: An Emerging Target in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a major public health concern for decades, the pathophysiological mechanism of TBI is not clearly understood, and an effective medical treatment of TBI is not available at present. Of particular concern is sustained TBI, which has a strong tendency to take a deteriorating neurodegenerative course into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Tauopathy and beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques are known to be the key pathological markers of TBI, which contribute to the progressive deterioration associated with TBI such as CTE and Alzheimer's disease.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress implicated in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Objective: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neurofibrillary tau tangles following repetitive neurotrauma. The underlying mechanism linking traumatic brain injury to chronic traumatic encephalopathy has not been elucidated. The authors investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress as a link between acute neurotrauma and chronic neurodegeneration.

Chronic neurodegenerative consequences of traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health concern and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Each year, an estimated 1.7 million Americans sustain TBI of which ~52,000 people die, ~275,000 people are hospitalized and 1,365,000 people are treated as emergency outpatients.

Experimental test of the effects of fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatchling phenotype.

In the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) and red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta), the temperature that eggs are exposed to during incubation determines the sex of the developing embryo. Constant temperature incubation experiments have shown that for each of these species there is a pivotal temperature that produces a 1:1 sex ratio; higher temperatures bias sex ratios toward females, and lower temperatures toward males. Few studies have examined how fluctuating temperatures, as would be experienced in natural nests, affect hatchling phenotype.

A quantitative look at fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and intake in children using a health risk assessment approach.

The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30 years. In this study, we used a mathematical model commonly employed by the U.S.