Implicit bias assessment by career stage in medical education training: a narrative review.

Implicit biases involve associations outside conscious awareness that lead to a negative evaluation of a person based on individual characteristics. Early evaluation of implicit bias in medical training can prevent long-term adverse health outcomes related to racial bias. However, to our knowledge, no present studies examine the sequential assessment of implicit bias through the different stages of medical training.

Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Semaglutide for Weight Loss in a Severely Obese Minority Cohort: A Propensity-Matched Study.

Background: The rising obesity rates in the USA have led to a surge in various weight loss treatments. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues have shown promise in reducing weight but primarily studied in Caucasian populations. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has already proven successful weight loss outcomes.

Parental Perceptions of Access to and Utilization of Services for Autistic Children in African American Families: An Exploratory Study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occurs within all racial, ethnic, and demographic pediatric groups. However, Black children with ASD are diagnosed at later stages of their development, and as a result may not receive or may age out of early intervention services, and demonstrate poorer long-term outcomes, across a range of factors. African American parent's perceptions regarding access to and utilization of healthcare services for their autistic children vary.

Dynamic omniphobic surfaces enable the stable dropwise condensation of completely wetting refrigerants.

Condensation is a vital process integral to numerous industrial applications. Enhancing condensation efficiency through dropwise condensation on hydrophobic surfaces is well-documented. However, no surfaces have been able to repel liquids with extremely low surface tension, such as fluorinated solvents, during condensation, as they nucleate and completely wet even the most hydrophobic interfaces.

Work Disability Prevention and Management.

Objective: This abbreviated version of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine's (ACOEM) Work Disability Prevention and Management Guideline reviews the available evidence and provides recommendations to clinicians regarding interventions to help patients remain at or return to work.Methods: Systematic literature reviews were conducted. Studies were graded and evidence tables were created, with involvement of a multidisciplinary expert panel that evaluated the evidence and finalized recommendations for all clinical questions.

Energizing Robust Sulfur/Lithium Electrochemistry via Nanoscale-Asymmetric-Size Synergism.

Sluggish redox kinetics and dendrite growth perplex the fulfillment of efficient electrochemistry in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The complicated sulfur phase transformation and sulfur/lithium diversity kinetics necessitate an all-inclusive approach in catalyst design. Herein, a compatible mediator with nanoscale-asymmetric-size configuration by integrating Co single atoms and defective CoTe (Co-CoTe@NHCF) is elaborately developed for regulating sulfur/lithium electrochemistry synchronously.

Presence of Raccoon Roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) in Habitat Associated with Allegheny Woodrats (Neotoma magister) in Western Virginia, USA, 2022-24.

Baylisascaris procyonis is a roundworm that does not affect its definitive host, raccoons (Procyon lotor), but may have a devastating effect when ingested by paratenic hosts such as Allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister). Despite being considered a major factor in woodrat population extirpation and decline in states northward, there have been no large-scale surveys for raccoon roundworm in Virginia, US. From 2022 to 2024, we visited 60 karst or nonkarst rocky habitats known (current or historical) or suspected to be Allegheny woodrat locations in western Virginia.

Applying the Modified Five-Item Frailty Index to Predict Complications following Lower Extremity Free Flap Reconstruction in Trauma Patients.

Background:  Free flap reconstruction in the setting of lower extremity trauma continues to be a challenging clinical problem fraught with a high risk of complications including flap compromise. Although studies have described certain risk factors that predispose these patients to poor outcomes, there remains a paucity of literature detailing frailty as a risk factor. As such, the aim of our study was to examine the application of the 5-item modified frailty index (mFI-5) in trauma patients undergoing lower extremity free flap reconstruction.

A simple model for the analysis of epidemics based on hospitalization data.

An epidemiological model with a minimal number of parameters is introduced and its structural and practical identifiabity is investigated both analytically and numerically. The model is useful when a high percentage of unreported cases is suspected, hence only hospitalization data are used to fit the model parameters and calculate the basic reproductive number R and the effective reproductive number R. As a case study, the model is used to study the initial surge and the Omicron wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Belgium.

Novel compound heterozygous CYP17A1 mutations identified in a family with two siblings affected by 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency.

Background: 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), caused by mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. It typically manifests clinically as variable degree of hypertension, hypokalemia, and disorders of sexual development (DSD), which can include abnormal sexual differentiation in males and sexual infantilism in females. Over 100 mutations in CYP17A1 have been identified, with most cases involving missense mutations or small deletions.

Safety and Immunogenicity of Omicron Protein Vaccines in mRNA-Vaccinated Adolescents: A Phase 3, Randomised Trial.

Objectives: Safety and immunogenicity assessment of updated monovalent and bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in adolescents.

Methods: This phase 3, double-blinded study randomised 12-<18-year-old participants, who received ≥2 prior doses of an approved/authorised mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine, 1:1 to receive NVX-CoV2601 (XBB.1.

Comparison of Chart Review and Administrative Data in Developing Predictive Models for Readmissions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of machine learning models for predicting readmission of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) based on administrative data and chart review data. The study analyzed 4,327 patient encounters from the University of Chicago Medicine to assess the risk of readmission within 90 days after an acute exacerbation of COPD. Two random forest prediction models were compared.

Utilizing simulation-enhanced interprofessional education to identify differences in healthcare students' collaborative practice behaviors: A mixed method study.

Background: Teaching collaborative practice behaviors (CPBs) to interprofessional healthcare students could improve healthcare for underserved populations.

Objective: This study explained the impact of Simulation Enhanced Interprofessional Education (SIM-IPE) on healthcare students' self-reported CPBs and their perceptions of utilizing CPBs when caring for underserved populations, as well as the differences among professions within interprofessional teams.

Design: Mixed methods explanatory design.

Maternal postpartum depression and children's emotional overeating: The mediating role of executive function.

Objectives: The literature shows connections between maternal depression, children's executive function (EF), and emotional overeating (EOE). This study examined the interplay between maternal postpartum depression, EF, and EOE. We hypothesized that higher levels of postpartum depression would lead to lower inhibition and emotional control and higher levels of EOE.

Single-Session Interventions for Mental Health Problems and Service Engagement: Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Most people with mental health needs cannot access treatment; among those who do, many access services only once. Accordingly, single-session interventions (SSIs) may help bridge the treatment gap. We conducted the first umbrella review synthesizing research on SSIs for mental health problems and service engagement in youth and adults.

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents.

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is an aggressive mature T-cell lymphoma characterized by significant hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow involvement, and minimal or no lymphadenopathy. Primarily affecting young adults, it is exceptionally rare in children and adolescents. This makes diagnosis and treatment particularly challenging for pathologists and pediatric oncologists.

Negative non-deployment emotions, substance use, and marital satisfaction among never-deployed military couples.

Among military service members, the experience of never-deploying can create a negative affective state (i.e., "non-deployment emotions"; (NDE)) that increases stress and may contribute to higher rates of substance use among Reserve and National Guard soldiers.

Markers for Pressure Injury Risk in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study.

Objective: To identify markers associated with pressure injury (PrI) history in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) using two approaches: skin blood flow (SBF) response toward localized heating, and serum marker for insulin resistance.

Methods: For this cross-sectional, observational study of adults with chronic traumatic SCI at T12 and above, researchers recruited two groups of participants: with history of PrI (group 1), and without history of PrI (group 2). The study protocol included obtaining fasting blood samples and measurement of SBF at bilateral heels with localized heating of 42 °C for 30 minutes from all participants.

Impact of antibiotics, iron oxide, and sodium sulfate on microbial community composition in laboratory-built municipal solid waste microcosms.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills represent underexplored microbial ecosystems. Landfills contain variable amounts of antibiotic and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes, which have the potential to alter microbial metabolism due to biocidal or redox active components, and these effects are largely underexplored. To circumvent the challenge of MSW heterogeneity, we conducted a 65-day time series study on simulated MSW microcosms to assess microbiome changes using 16S rRNA sequencing in response to 1) Fe(OH)3 and 2) Na2SO4 to represent redox active components of C&D waste as well as 3) antibiotics.

Enzymes in a human cytoplasm model organize into submetabolon complexes.

Enzyme-enzyme interactions are fundamental to the function of cells. Their atomistic mechanisms remain elusive mainly due to limitations of in-cell measurements. We address this challenge by atomistically modeling, for a total of ≈80 μs, a slice of the human cell cytoplasm that includes three successive enzymes along the glycolytic pathway: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM).

A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Neuropharmacological Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acanthus ebracteatus (Vahl.) Using Experimental and In Silico Approaches.

This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant and neuropharmacological potentials of the methanol leaf extract of Acanthus ebracteatus (MAEL) through experimental and in silico methods. The phytochemical screening (PS) and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) identified 28 phytochemicals with different classes in nature in MAEL. The MAEL revealed better antioxidant activity through various in vitro antioxidant assays.

Electrophysiologic Evidence of Concomitant Focal Nerve Entrapments in Persons With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Although an association between peripheral nerve entrapment issues and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been found, research has generally focused solely on nerve entrapment in the upper or lower extremity individually rather than on the consideration of nerve entrapment simultaneously in the upper and lower extremities. In addition, most of these studies have used small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) concurrently in patients with RA using a relatively large sample size.

Sub-lethal exposures to bifenthrin impact stress responses and behavior of juvenile Chinook Salmon.

Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations have decreased substantially in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) over the past decades, so considerably that two of the four genetically distinct runs are now listed in the Endangered Species Act. One factor responsible for this decline is the presence of contaminants in the Delta. Insecticides, used globally in agricultural, industrial, and household settings, have the potential to contaminate nearby aquatic systems through spray drift, runoff, and direct wastewater discharge.

Center-Based Childcare Access to Health Screenings and Developmental Assessments in U.S. Children from Birth to Five.

Objective: To examine the odds of children aged 0-5 in center-based childcare programs receiving referrals for health screenings and developmental assessments, controlling for children's races/ethnicities and provider and program factors.

Methods: We conducted secondary analyses using the 2019 National Survey for Early Care and Education (NSECE) Center-based Provider survey. We used multivariate logistic regression models to estimate referral odds for health screenings and developmental assessments from centers without these services onsite.

An Exploratory Model of How Ethical Indicators Predict Health Professional Burnout.

The objectives of this study were to characterize burnout in five different health professions (i.e., pharmacists, nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and mental health counselors) as well as to determine if moral distress, ethical stress, and/or ethical climate were predictive of burnout and job satisfaction.