An overview of heart failure in low- and middle-income countries.

Heart failure (HF) is a global public health concern with disproportionate socioeconomic, morbidity and mortality burden on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review summarises contemporary data on the demographic and clinical characteristics, aetiologies, treatment, economic burden and outcomes of HF in LMICs. Patients with HF in LMICs are younger than those from high-income countries (HICs) and present at advanced stages of the disease.

Grand multiparity in rural Cameroon: prevalence and adverse maternal and fetal delivery outcomes.

Background: Grand multiparity is a major public health concern especially among developing countries and has been associated with higher risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes compared with women of lesser parity. There is a dearth of evidence on this subject in Cameroon, especially in the rural areas. We therefore carried out this study to document the prevalence and maternal and fetal delivery outcomes of grand multiparity in a rural Cameroonian setting.

Disparities and drivers of early age at diagnosis of congestive heart failure in the USA.

Aim: Heart failure (HF) constitutes a major public health problem in the USA due to its high morbidity and mortality. Age at diagnosis of HF would refine burden quantification, budgeting, disease surveillance and assessment of interventions. We set out to determine the median age at diagnosis of HF and drivers of young age at diagnosis among patients 20 years or older in the USA.

Body mass index and outcomes of patients with laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Introduction: Recent advances in the field of medical imaging and minimal invasive surgery have improved the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal incidentalomas. Recent studies suggest increased morbidity and mortality among patients with obesity following laparoscopic adrenalectomy compared with patients without obesity. However, this claim remains to be ascertained.

Small bowel obstruction complicating an Ascaris lumbricoides infestation in a 4-year-old male: a case report.

Background: Ascariasis is the leading helminthic infection worldwide, with its peak prevalence noted in children aged 2-10 years. Although mainly asymptomatic, chronic and heavy infestation could lead to severe complications such as malnutrition, poor physical and cognitive development, as well as intestinal obstruction. We report the case of a 4-year-old boy with intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides infestation and discuss its public health significance.

Meta-analysis of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Various Cardiomyopathies.

Patients with cardiomyopathy are at risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) which is a strong risk factor for thromboembolic events, progression to heart failure, and mortality or heart transplantation. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to estimate the prevalence of AF in a global population with cardiomyopathy. PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception until June 30, 2017 for published articles on AF and major cardiomyopathies without language restrictions.

Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment in a Rural Elderly Cameroonian Population: A Community-Based Study in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background/aims: With rising elderly populations, age-related health problems such as cognitive impairment and dementia are major public health concerns. We sought to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment and associated factors in rural elderly Cameroonians.

Methods: The Mini Mental State Examination was used to assess the cognitive function of participants randomly recruited during a house-to-house survey of the Batibo Health District.

Exploring the effects of peri-partum ingestion of traditional medicine on maternal and foetal outcomes: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: In Africa, 80% of women ingest traditional medicine (TM) during pregnancy. Although widely used in Cameroon, no study in has either demonstrated its safety or effectiveness. Hence, we sought to determine the effects of TM ingestions during the peri-partum period on maternal and foetal outcomes.

Global prevalence of diabetes in active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 2·3 million patients with tuberculosis.

Background: Although diabetes and poor glycaemic control significantly increase the risk of tuberculosis and adversely affect tuberculosis treatment outcomes, the global burden of diabetes in the context of tuberculosis remains unknown. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of diabetes among patients with tuberculosis at global, regional, and country levels.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus to identify studies published between Jan 1, 1986, and June 15, 2017, on the prevalence of diabetes in patients with active tuberculosis, with no language restrictions.

Atrial fibrillation among adults with heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa - prevalence, incidence and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) remains a major non-communicable disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) associated with high rates of readmission, mortality and loss of economic productivity as it affects mostly young and economically active adults. Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a major determinant of mortality among patients with HF in SSA. Meanwhile, the use of anti-arrhythmic medications in the region remains unacceptably low.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Cameroonians aged 50 years and older: A community-based study.

Aims: To assess the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) in a rural elderly population (50 y and older) in Cameroon; evaluate the rates of awareness, treatment, and control of HTN in this population; and describe factors associated with HTN in this population.

Methods And Results: A total of 501 participants aged 50 years and older were randomly recruited from May to July 2013 in a house-to-house survey of the Batibo Health District. Data were measured using standardized methods modelled after the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to Surveillance.

Epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa: a systematic scoping review.

Objectives: This scoping review sought to summarise available data on the prevalence, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of pericardial disease in Africa.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus and African Journals Online from 1 January 1967 to 30 July 2017 to identify all studies published on the prevalence, aetiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of pericardial diseases in adults residing in Africa.

Results: 36 studies were included.

An unusual case of extensive truncal cutaneous larva migrans in a Cameroonian baby: a case report.

Background: Cutaneous larva migrans is a neglected zoonotic helminthic disease which is paradoxically underreported in low-income and middle-income countries from where a majority of the cases emanate. It presents as migratory, raised, erythematous serpentine lesions, responsive to treatment with antihelminthics. It is common in children, but rare in babies.

Simple Mortality Predictive Models for Improving Critical Care in Resource-Limited Settings: An Insight on the Modified Early Warning Score and Rapid Emergency Medical Score.

Mortality rate among critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit is high, particularly in low-income countries (LIC). Many scores have been developed to predict these fatal outcomes. In LIC, the applicability of scoring systems is precluded by the unavailability of resources to compile all the parameters of these scores.

Non-adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in Buea, Cameroon: a cross-sectional community-based study.

Background: Hypertension is a challenging public health problem with a huge burden in the developing countries. Non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment is a big obstacle in blood pressure (BP) control and favours disease progression to complications. Our objectives were to determine the rate of non-adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy, investigate factors associated with non-adherence, and to assess the association between non-adherence and BP control in the Buea Health District (BHD), Cameroon.

Risk factors and complications of lower limb cellulitis in Africa: a systematic review.

Objective: To summarise available data on the risk factors, complications and the factors associated with complications of lower limb cellulitis in Africa.

Methods: We did electronic searches on PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and African Journals Online from 1 January 1986 to 30 October 2017, extracted and summarised data on the risk factors, complications and the factors associated with the complications of lower limb cellulitis from eligible literature.

Results: A total of seven studies were retained for final review after the search and screening processes.

Adolescent deliveries in rural Cameroon: comparison of delivery outcomes between primipara and multipara adolescents.

Objective: Adolescent pregnancies are high risk and deliveries in this age group are usually associated with adverse outcomes. The perception that multiparous adolescents have better delivery outcomes than primiparous counterparts is not uncommon. We sought to determine if multiparous adolescents were precluded from having adverse delivery outcomes when compared to primiparous adolescents.

Data on the epidemiology of heart failure in Sub-Saharan Africa.

In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), chronic non-communicable diseases and cardiovascular diseases in particular, are progressively taking over infectious diseases as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Heart failure is a major public health problem in the region. We summarize here available data on the prevalence, aetiologies, treatment, rates and predictors of mortality due to heart failure in SSA.

Quantification and factors associated with HIV-related stigma among persons living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy at the HIV-day care unit of the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Region of Cameroon.

Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is not just a medical problem but its social impact is increasingly affecting its effective management. The fear of HIV-stigma constitutes a major barrier to HIV testing, prevention, uptake and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to quantify HIV-related stigma, and identify the factors associated with high HIV-related stigma among persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIVA) and on ART.

Ruptured caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a diagnostic dilemma in a resource-limited setting.

Background: Caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) remains a very rare form of ectopic pregnancy associated with serious life threatening obstetric complications and even death in case of late diagnosis and treatment.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a ruptured caesarean scar pregnancy in a 29 year-old gravida 5, para 3 with a past obstetric history of two consecutive caesarean sections done 9 and 5 years ago respectively. The patient presented with intermittent lower abdominal pains on a 20 weeks gestation associated with mild epigastralgia and 2 previous episodes of mild pervaginal bleeding (2 and 1 months ago respectively before consultation) managed with injectable progesterone.

Validation of Pediatric Weight Estimation Formulae in a Suburban Cameroonian Population: A Cross-sectional Study.

We assessed the accuracy of the Nelson, Best Guess and Advanced Pediatric Life Support (APLS) formulae in estimating weight in a suburban Cameroonian pediatric population, by conducting a cross-sectional study using 544 children aged 1 month to 12 years. Agreement between measured and estimated weight was poor for Nelson [concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.

Epidemiology of heart failure in pediatric populations in low- and middle-income countries: a protocol for a systematic review.

Background: Heart failure (HF) in pediatric populations is a major public health concern. It is associated with high rates of hospital admissions, disability, and mortality in high-income countries (HIC), but its burden is poorly documented in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We present a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize available data on the prevalence, incidence, etiologies, treatment, and outcomes including hospital admission and mortality and economic burden of HF in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents in LMICs.

Prevalence and factors associated with medication adherence among patients with hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Hypertension is the leading cardiovascular risk factor globally, associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The high prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is associated with contrastingly low awareness, treatment and control rates. Adherence to medication remains a major determinant of optimal blood pressure control.

Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: A contemporaneous systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To summarise available data on the prevalence, aetiology, treatment and prognosis of heart failure (HF) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Setting: This systematic review and meta-analysis included data from individuals recruited in primary to tertiary health facilities in SSA.

Participants: All published and unpublished literatures between January 1, 1996 and June 23, 2017, of individuals aged 12years and older and residing in sub-Saharan Africa.