Effects of Extracted Pulse Proteins on Lipid Targets for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Many clinical practice guidelines recommend dietary pulses for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The impact of extracted pulse proteins remains unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of extracted pulse proteins on therapeutic lipid targets.

The Effect of Adding Protein to a Carbohydrate Meal on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Acute Controlled Feeding Trials.

Background: Protein influences acute postprandial glucose and insulin responses, but the effects of dose, protein type, and health status are unknown.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the acute effect of adding protein to carbohydrate on postprandial responses and identify effect modifiers.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through 30 July, 2023 for acute, crossover trials comparing acute postprandial responses elicited by carbohydrate-containing test meals with and without added protein in adults without diabetes or with type 2 (T2DM) or type 1 (T1DM) diabetes mellitus.

Comparison of a Daily Steviol Glycoside Beverage compared with a Sucrose Beverage for Four Weeks on Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults.

Background: Recent studies suggest that some nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have deleterious effects on the human gut microbiome (HGM). The effect of steviol glycosides on the HGM has not been well studied.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of stevia- compared with sucrose-sweetened beverages on the HGM and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles.

Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Acute Glycemic Response of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides from Cellulose and Xylan in Healthy Adults: Two Double-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Trials.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal tolerability, glycemic and insulinemic responses of Plant Fiber Extract (PFE), a mixture comprising of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides derived from cellulose and xylan.

Methods: Two double-blind, randomized, controlled, cross-over trials were conducted in healthy adults. In the first trial, participants ( = 29) consumed either 25, 35 or 45 g per day of PFE or resistant maltodextrin (Control) for 14 days.

Minimal Effective Dose of Beans Required to Elicit a Significantly Lower Glycemic Response Than Commonly Consumed Starchy Foods: Predictions Based on In Vitro Digestion and Carbohydrate Analysis.

Beans elicit lower glycemic responses (GRs) than other starchy foods, but the minimum effective dose (MED) to reduce GR is unknown. We sought to determine the MED of beans compared to common starchy foods. Overnight-fasted healthy volunteers consumed ¼c (phase 1, = 24) or ½c (phase 2, = 18) of black, cranberry, great northern, kidney, navy and pinto beans and corn, rice, pasta and potato (controls), with blood glucose measured before and for 2 h after eating.

Cross-linked phosphorylated RS4 wheat starch reduces glucose and insulin responses after 3 days of pre-feeding in healthy adults: an acute, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial.

When this project was designed, there was no evidence that adding resistant starch to available carbohydrate (avCHO) reduced glycaemic and insulinaemic responses (GIR). We compared GIR elicited by a cookie containing cross-linked phosphorylated RS4 wheat starch (Fibersym®) (RS4) versus an avCHO-matched control-cookie (CC) after  = 15 adults had consumed RS4 or CC daily for 3-days using a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. The difference in glucose iAUC over 0-2 h (primary endpoint) (mmol × min/L) after RS4, (mean ± SEM) 106 ± 16, versus CC, 124 ± 16, was not significant ( = 0.

Important food sources of fructose-containing sugars and adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials.

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) providing excess energy increase adiposity. The effect of other food sources of sugars at different energy control levels is unclear.

Objectives: To determine the effect of food sources of fructose-containing sugars by energy control on adiposity.

The importance of molecular weight in determining the minimum dose of oat β-glucan required to reduce the glycaemic response in healthy subjects without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

To determine the minimum amount of oat β-glucan (OBG) required to reduce glycaemic responses (MinDose), we conducted a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of acute, crossover, single-meal feeding trials that examined the effects of adding OBG or oat bran to a carbohydrate-containing test-meal versus a control test-meal containing an equivalent amount of available-carbohydrate (avCHO) from the same or similar source. Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched up to 18 August 2021. The primary outcome was glucose incremental-area-under-the-curve (iAUC).

Decreasing the RAG:SAG ratio of granola cereal predictably reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses: a report of four randomised trials in healthy adults.

Dietary starch contains rapidly (RAG) and slowly available glucose (SAG). To establish the relationships between the RAG:SAG ratio and postprandial glucose, insulin and hunger, we measured postprandial responses elicited by test meals varying in the RAG:SAG ratio in 160 healthy adults, each of whom participated in one of four randomised cross-over studies ( 40 each): a pilot trial comparing six chews (RAG:SAG ratio 2·4-42·7) and three studies comparing a test granola (TG1-3, RAG:SAG ratio 4·5-5·2) with a control granola (CG1-3, RAG:SAG ratio 54·8-69·3). Within studies, test meals were matched for fat, protein and available carbohydrate.

Canned Beans Decrease Serum Total and LDL Cholesterol in Adults with Elevated LDL Cholesterol in a 4-wk Multicenter, Randomized, Crossover Study.

Background: Practical risk reduction strategies are needed to address cardiovascular disease. Beans can decrease LDL cholesterol; however, research into different daily amounts and varieties is warranted.

Objectives: To examine the effects of canned beans (daily rotation of black, navy, pinto, dark red kidney, white kidney) in 1-cup (1CB, 180 g) and ½-cup (½CB, 90 g) daily amounts compared with a 1-cup white rice (WR) control on serum lipid and glycemic biomarkers in adults with elevated LDL cholesterol.

Dietary Glycaemic Index Labelling: A Global Perspective.

The glycaemic index (GI) is a food metric that ranks the acute impact of available (digestible) carbohydrates on blood glucose. At present, few countries regulate the inclusion of GI on food labels even though the information may assist consumers to manage blood glucose levels. Australia and New Zealand regulate GI claims as nutrition content claims and also recognize the GI Foundation's certified Low GI trademark as an endorsement.

Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Objective: To inform the update of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Data Sources: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library searched up to 13 May 2021.

Neither low salivary amylase activity, cooling cooked white rice, nor single nucleotide polymorphisms in starch-digesting enzymes reduce glycemic index or starch digestibility: a randomized, crossover trial in healthy adults.

Background: It was suggested that low salivary-amylase activity (SAA) and cooling or stir-frying cooked starch decreases its digestibility and glycemic index.

Objective: We determined the effects of SAA, cooling, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the salivary amylase (AMY1), pancreatic amylase (AMY2A, AMY2B), maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM), and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) genes on starch digestibility and glycemic index of cooked polished rice.

Methods: Healthy subjects [pilot, n = 12; main, n = 20 with low-SAA (<50 U/mL), and n = 20 with high-SAA (>105 U/mL)] consumed test meals containing 25 g (pilot) or 50 g (main) available carbohydrate at a contract research organization using open-label (pilot) or assessor-blinded (main), randomized, crossover, Latin-square designs (trial registration: NCT03667963).

An Oat β-Glucan Beverage Reduces LDL Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Men and Women with Borderline High Cholesterol: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: High-molecular-weight (MW) oat β-glucan (OBG), consumed at 3-4 g/d, in solid foods reduces LDL cholesterol by a median of ∼6.5%.

Objectives: We evaluated the effect of a beverage providing 3 g/d high-MW OBG on reduction of LDL cholesterol (primary endpoint) when compared with placebo.

Different Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Fasting Blood Uric Acid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials.

Background: Although fructose as a source of excess calories increases uric acid, the effect of the food matrix is unclear.

Objectives: To assess the effects of fructose-containing sugars by food source at different levels of energy control on uric acid, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched (through 11 January 2021) for trials ≥ 7 days.

Effect of Oat β-Glucan on Affective and Physical Feeling States in Healthy Adults: Evidence for Reduced Headache, Fatigue, Anxiety and Limb/Joint Pains.

The gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects of dietary fibers are recognized, but less is known about their effects on non-GI symptoms. We assessed non-GI symptoms in a trial of the LDL-cholesterol lowering effect of oat β-glucan (OBG). Participants ( = 207) with borderline high LDL-cholesterol were randomized to an OBG (1 g OBG, = 104, = 96 analyzed) or Control ( = 103, = 95 analyzed) beverage 3-times daily for 4 weeks.

Acute glycemic and insulin response of Fossence™ alone, or when substituted or added to a carbohydrate challenge: A three-phase, acute, randomized, cross-over, double blind clinical trial.

Short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) are well-recognized prebiotic fibers. Fossence™ (FOSS) is a scFOS that has been produced from sucrose via a proprietary fermentation process and has not been tested for its digestibility or glucose/insulin response (GR and IR, respectively). The present randomized, controlled, cross-over study was conducted in 3 phases to explore GR and IR to ingestion of FOSS, when replaced by/added to available-carbohydrates (avCHO) among 25 healthy adults (40 ± 14years).

The effect of oat β-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To determine the effect of oat β‑glucan (OBG) on acute glucose and insulin responses and identify significant effect modifiers we searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases through October 27, 2020 for acute, crossover, controlled feeding trials investigating the effect of adding OBG (concentrate or oat-bran) to carbohydrate-containing test-meals compared to comparable or different carbohydrate-matched control-meals in humans regardless of health status. The primary outcome was glucose incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC). Secondary outcomes were insulin iAUC, and glucose and insulin incremental peak-rise (iPeak).

Effect of Varying Molecular Weight of Oat β-Glucan Taken just before Eating on Postprandial Glycemic Response in Healthy Humans.

To see if the molecular weight (MW) and viscosity of oat β-glucan (OBG) when taken before eating determine its effect on postprandial glycemic responses (PPRG), healthy overnight-fasted subjects ( = 16) were studied on eight separate occasions. Subjects consumed 200 mL water alone (Control) or with 4 g OBG varying in MW and viscosity followed, 2-3 min later, by 113 g white-bread. Blood was taken fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting to eat.

Increasing oat β-glucan viscosity in a breakfast meal slows gastric emptying and reduces glycemic and insulinemic responses but has no effect on appetite, food intake, or plasma ghrelin and PYY responses in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

Background: The viscosity of oat β-glucan (OBG) determines its effect on serum cholesterol and glycemic responses, but whether OBG viscosity affects gastric emptying, appetite, and ad libitum food intake is unknown.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the effect of altering the amount or molecular weight (MW) and, hence, viscosity of OBG in a breakfast meal on the primary endpoint of food intake at a subsequent meal.

Methods: Overnight-fasted males (n = 16) and nonpregnant females (n = 12) without diabetes, aged 18-60 y, with BMI 20.

Effect of a Snack Bar Optimized to Reduce Alcohol Bioavailability: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Individuals.

Alcohol intoxication impairs judgment and reaction times and the level of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is highly correlated with accidents and injury. We hypothesized that a food optimized to delay gastric emptying, a reduced alcohol bioavailability bar (RABB), would decrease postprandial BAC and alcohol bioavailability with greater caloric-efficiency than control foods. Therefore, we evaluated the RABB in a randomized, crossover trial in 21 overnight fasted healthy adults (10 male, 11 female).