Reductive dimerization of benzothiazolium salts.

Three different types of reaction products were obtained from the reduction of 2-substituted 3-methylbenzothiazolium salts using Na : Hg (1 wt%). Depending on the 2-substituents, two types of dimeric compounds were obtained: the 2-cyclohexyl-, 2-phenyl-, and 2-(-tolyl)-substituted species are reduced to the corresponding 2,2'-bibenzo[]thiazoles, while their 2-((-OMe)CH)- and 2-((-NMe)CH)-substituted derivatives afford -[1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-][1,4]benzothiazines. Furthermore, in the presence of molecular O, new disulfide derivatives were obtained from the bibenzo[]thiazoles.

Organometallic and Organic Dimers: Moderately Air-Stable, Yet Highly Reducing, n-Dopants.

ConspectusElectrical doping using redox-active molecules can increase the conductivity of organic semiconductors and lower charge-carrier injection and extraction barriers; it has application in devices such as organic and perovskite light-emitting diodes, organic and perovskite photovoltaic cells, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectric devices. Simple one-electron reductants that can act as n-dopants for a wide range of useful semiconductors must necessarily have low ionization energies and are, thus, highly sensitive toward ambient conditions, leading to challenges in their storage and handling. A number of approaches to this challenge have been developed, in which the highly reducing species is generated from a precursor or in which electron transfer is coupled in some way to a chemical reaction.

Powerful Organic Molecular Oxidants and Reductants Enable Ambipolar Injection in a Large-Gap Organic Homojunction Diode.

Doping has proven to be a critical tool for enhancing the performance of organic semiconductors in devices like organic light-emitting diodes. However, the challenge in working with high-ionization-energy (IE) organic semiconductors is to find p-dopants with correspondingly high electron affinity (EA) that will improve the conductivity and charge carrier transport in a film. Here, we use an oxidant that has been recently recognized to be a very strong p-type dopant, hexacyano-1,2,3-trimethylene-cyclopropane (CN6-CP).

Simplified methodology for a modular and genetically expanded protein synthesis in cell-free systems.

Genetic code expansion, which enables the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins, has emerged as a new and powerful tool for protein engineering. Currently, it is mainly utilized inside living cells for a myriad of applications. However, the utilization of this technology in a cell-free, reconstituted platform has several advantages over living systems.