Does Leader Character Have a Gender?

Virtues and character strengths are often assumed to be universal, considered equally important to individuals across cultures, religions, racial-ethnic groups, and genders. The results of our surveys and laboratory studies, however, bring to light subtle yet consistent gender differences in the importance attributed to character in leadership: women considered character to be more important to successful leadership in business than did men, and women had higher expectations that individuals should demonstrate character in a new leadership role. Further, the gender of the research participant affected character ratings such that male respondents viewed a female leader who exhibited agentic behaviors in a professionally challenging situation less positively than a male leader who displayed the same agentic behaviors.

Carbon resource reallocation with emission quota in carbon emission trading system.

In this study, a two-stage data envelopment analysis approach is developed to examine resource allocation in a real-world carbon emissions trading system. First, this study focuses on the actual participation process of incorporated units in the trading system, where incorporated units will be allocated with a carbon emission quota. Second, we propose a research structure for the carbon trading process with two stages.

Addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A content analysis of government social media platforms in England and Italy during 2020-2021.

Objectives: This study investigates how England's and Italy's Public Health Governmental Departments addressed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (VH) on social media platforms.

Study Design: A conventional content analysis of the social media accounts of Public Health England (PHE), currently the UK Health Security Agency, and the Italian Ministry of Health (IMH) were performed during December 1st, 2020-April 30th, 2021.

Methods: A total of 531 and 110 posts were extracted from the accounts of PHE and the IMH respectively.

Impacts of the US southeast wood pellet industry on local forest carbon stocks.

We assessed the net impacts of a wood-dependent pellet industry of global importance on contemporaneous local forest carbon component pools (live trees, standing-dead trees, soils) and total stocks. We conducted post-matched difference-in-differences analyses of forest inventory data between 2000 and 2019 to infer industrial concurrent and lagged effects in the US coastal southeast. Results point to contemporaneous carbon neutrality.

The Mine or the Mire? Mobilising Place in Natural Resource Struggles.

This article examines how place and place-basedness are essential to understanding the conflict dynamics of natural resource use. Based on a single case study and using an ethnographic approach to examine a place, the paper unearths how place is mobilised in corporate-community relations. This study defines place-basedness as having two relational elements: ecological and social embeddedness.

Remote work and the COVID-19 pandemic: An artificial intelligence-based topic modeling and a future agenda.

As remote work has become more common than ever throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, it has drawn special attention from scholars. However, the outcome has been significantly sporadic and fragmented. In our systematic review, we use artificial intelligence-based machine learning tools to examine the relevant extant literature in terms of its dominant topics, diversity, and dynamics.

Evaluating Green Productivity Gains with the Exponential By-Production Technology: an Analysis of the Chinese Industrial Sector.

The conventional convexity assumptions frequently placed on piecewise linear frontiers of production technologies modeled using data envelopment analysis imply non-increasing marginal products. Assuming geometric convexity in the context of the exponential technology represents a more general alternative that imposes no underlying restrictions on the marginal products, while simultaneously reducing the impact of the outlying observations. In this paper, we propose an exponential by-production technology capable of generating the outputs deemed undesirable from the society's point of view.

The effects of multi-disciplinary integrated care on healthcare utilization: Evidence from a natural experiment in the UK.

Better integration is a priority for most international health systems. However, multiple interventions are often implemented simultaneously, making evaluation difficult and providing limited evidence for policy makers about specific interventions. We evaluate a common integrated care intervention, multi-disciplinary group (MDG) meetings for discussion of high-risk patients, introduced in one socio-economically deprived area in the UK in spring 2015.

Health, care or shelter? An exploratory analysis of the factors affecting overall satisfaction with services of residents' relatives in nursing homes.

Residents' relatives are regularly solicited to evaluate the hotel, social- and health-care services that nursing homes provide to the aged in order to preserve their residual cognitive, physical, and social capabilities. In this study we argue that, due to the services' different technical and functional elements, residents' relatives find it easier to assess the quality of the hotel services instead of the other types of services. Based on 2012 responses from residents' relatives in 38 nursing homes in the Northern part of Italy, our results show that satisfaction with hotel services partially mediates the impact of satisfaction with social- and health-care services, above and beyond their direct effect on the overall satisfaction with all services.

Energy market integration and renewable energy development: Evidence from the European Union countries.

Based on the panel data of 20 countries in EU during the period of 2007-2019, this paper study the effect of energy market integration (EMI) on renewable energy development (RED). We develop a general equilibrium model to explain how EMI affect the RED and the role of different mechanisms. The empirical results reports that the European EMI increased both the consumption and power generation of renewable energy, which proves a significant positive effect of EMI on the RED.

Mindfulness buffers the deleterious effects of workaholism for work-family conflict.

Rationale: Workaholism logically corresponds to the experience of work-family conflict (WFC) which is associated with a wide variety of negative employee outcomes. Finding ways to mitigate the occurrence of workaholism and/or lessen its deleterious effects on the work-family interface is practically important. Mindfulness research may hold some promise in this regard.

Covid-19 and herding in global equity markets.

We investigate herding in ten equity markets during the COVID-19 pandemic using a methodology that considers movements in assets due to changes in fundamentals. We find heterogeneous patterns in herding across the ten countries during the pandemic, but overall, there is limited evidence of herding during this period, with only Italy, Sweden, and the United States displaying signs of herding. A cross-sectional analysis reveals that herding measures during the pandemic are negatively associated with stricter governmental actions that restrict mobility, and positively associated with economic support measures.

Malmquist productivity indices and plant capacity utilisation: new proposals and empirical application.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this contribution is to compute the popular Malmquist productivity index while adding a component representing plant capacity utilisation. In particular, this is-to the best of our knowledge-the first empirical application estimating both input- and output-oriented Malmquist productivity indices in conjunction with the corresponding input- and output-oriented plant capacity utilisation measures. Our empirical application focuses on a provincial data set of tourism activities in China over the period 2008-2016.

Long-Term Economic Effects of Populist Legal Reforms: Evidence from Argentina.

Unlabelled: In this paper, we examine the consequences of populist government for long-term economic growth and development. To this end, we estimate the long-term growth impact of the Juan Péron's political rule in Argentina, which led to a comprehensive overhaul of the institutional framework laid by the Argentine founding fathers in the 1853 Constitution. Our hypothesis is that the progressive substitution of a growth-enhancing institutional framework by exclusionary growth-distorting frameworks explains Argentina's economic decline from one the world's richest countries on the eve of World War I to an underdeveloped nation in the present day.

The impact of the shadow economy on economic growth and CO emissions: evidence from ECOWAS countries.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is one of the most dynamic African sub-regional organizations in several areas, such as economic integration and environmental conservation. On the other hand, it is also one of the sub-regions with the largest size of the shadow economy in the world. This article empirically explores the impact of the shadow economy on economic growth and CO emissions in ECOWAS countries.

Manufacturing transfer and environmental efficiency: Evidence from the spatial agglomeration of manufacturing in China.

Manufacturing transfer is an important factor in optimizing the spatial distribution of resources and promoting regional environmental efficiency. Based on the manufacturing data of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2017, the spatial Durbin model is used to investigate the impact of three types of manufacturing transfer and spatial agglomeration effects on environmental efficiency under the spatial weight matrix of economic distance. The results show that the improvement of environmental efficiency is inhibited by the transfer of labor-intensive manufacturing but facilitated by the spatial agglomeration of such manufacturing.

The impact of COVID-19 economic crisis on the speed of adjustment toward target leverage ratio: An international analysis.

This paper investigates changes in the speed of adjustment toward target leverage ratio under the impact of COVID-19 economic crisis. Using an international sample of publicly listed firms, we find that, on average, firms tend to adjust their capital structure more rapidly in the period following the breakout of COVID-19. Furthermore, we find that firms domiciled in countries in which COVID-19 causes more severe damage, adjust their target leverage quicker than firms domiciled in less severely affected countries.

[Financial incentives to achieve health-related behavioral goals: State of play and unresolved questions].

Programs providing monetary rewards to individuals who achieve a health-related goal (quitting smoking, losing weight, etc.) aim at promoting healthy behaviors. While these programs seem to achieve their objective in the short run, their ability to provoke lasting changes remains to be demonstrated.

The Car Cushion Hypothesis: Bigger Cars Lead to More Risk Taking-Evidence from Behavioural Data.

Car traffic and accidents involving cars create an enormous societal cost, particularly in terms of negative consequences for public health. Mitigating these effects is a daily concern for public and private institutions and people around the world. At least a subset of accidents is attributable to the amount of risk drivers allow in their driving and in related behaviour like mobile phone use or substance abuse.

Preferences predict who commits crime among young men.

Understanding who commits crime and why is a key topic in social science and important for the design of crime prevention policy. In theory, people who commit crime face different social and economic incentives for criminal activity than other people, or they evaluate the costs and benefits of crime differently because they have different preferences. Empirical evidence on the role of preferences is scarce.

Once bitten, twice bold? Early life tragedy and central bankers' reaction to COVID-19.

Have negative experiences (in particular, natural disasters) that central bankers' have known in their early life influenced monetary policy decisions in front of the COVID-19 pandemic? We answer this question using a sample of 19 developing countries. We show that central bankers who experienced episodes of epidemics in their early life lowered interest rates faster and lower during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal experience of decision-makers has contributed strongly to explain their behavior during the crisis.

Vocational training for unemployed youth in Latvia.

We analyze the effectiveness of a vocational training (VT) programme targeting unemployed youth in Latvia, contributing to the scant literature on active labour market policies in transition countries. The programme we analyse is part of the Youth Guarantee scheme (2014-2020), the largest action launched by the European Union to combat youth unemployment after the 2008 financial crisis. Although the programme was targeted to youths aged between 15 and 29, priority was given to those younger than 25 years of age.

Axiomatization of the counting rule for cost-sharing with possibly redundant items.

For cost allocation problems with an existing set of indivisible public resources with heterogeneous individual needs and non-rivalry access, an axiomatization is provided for the allocation rule that proportionally charges agents for a given resource with respect to their counting liability indices. The main result we obtain holds in the class of cost allocation rules that are additive in cost and simply combines a new independence property together with the well-known axioms of consistency and independence of supplementary items.

Reasons for using cannabidiol: a cross-sectional study of French cannabidiol users.

Background: Cannabidiol and cannabidiol-based products are proliferating in many countries. This recent and rapid diffusion prompts investigating the reasons for its use.

Methods: We analyzed data from an online survey among cannabidiol users in the French general population (n = 1166) selected for their interest in such products.