An Overview of Chili Leaf Curl Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Impact, Challenges, and Disease Management Strategies in Indian Subcontinent.

Leaf curl disease in a chili plant is caused mainly by (ChiLCV) (Family: , Genus: ). ChiLCV shows a widespread occurrence in most of the chili (.) growing regions.

Analysis of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a in chilli powder using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and tandem mass spectrometry.

Chilli powder, a popular spice, is predominantly contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), posing a menace to public health. As no validated method exists for the simultaneous and direct analysis of AFs and OTA in chilli powder, it was imperative to develop one to ensure their effective monitoring and promote trade. In this research, we developed and validated a multi-mycotoxin analysis method that allows the simultaneous determination of AFs (AFB, AFB, AFG and AFG) and OTA in chilli powder with high sensitivity, accuracy and precision.

A Comparative Analysis of Microbe-Based Technologies Developed at ICAR-NBAIM Against Causing Powdery Mildew Disease in Grapes ( L.).

Globally, causing powdery mildew disease in grapevines ( L.) is the second most important endemic disease, causing huge economic losses every year. At present, the management of powdery mildew in grapes is largely dependent upon the use of chemical fungicides.

Improved chromatographic performance in red chilli powder pesticide residue quantitation by retention gap introduction in gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Unlabelled: Analysis of agrochemical residues in red chilli powder is always considered difficult because of higher matrix interference due to carotenoid pigments and other co-extractives. During the sample preparation, matrix components were co-extracted along with the target compounds leading to frequent source cleaning, changing of liner and column. Efforts were made to improve the chromatographic performance by optimizing sample preparation, choosing matrix-free transitions and introducing a retention gap.

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in poultry meat and chicken eggs by GC-MS/MS: method development and validation.

The study uses gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to develop a reliable analytical approach for detecting multiclass pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in poultry meat and chicken eggs. The meat (2 g) and egg (4 g) samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile (10 mL) as part of the optimized sample preparation technique. The cleanup consisted of freezing an aliquot of the extract (5 mL) at -20 °C, followed by dispersive solid phase extraction using 50 mg PSA + 100 mg C+150 mg MgSO.

Germplasm, Breeding, and Genomics in Potato Improvement of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses Tolerance.

Potato is one of the most important food crops in the world. Late blight, viruses, soil and tuber-borne diseases, insect-pests mainly aphids, whiteflies, and potato tuber moths are the major biotic stresses affecting potato production. Potato is an irrigated and highly fertilizer-responsive crop, and therefore, heat, drought, and nutrient stresses are the key abiotic stresses.

Determination of Highly Polar and Ionic Pesticides in Grape and Pomegranate Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Background: Residues of polar pesticides cannot be determined by QuEChERS-based multiresidue extractions because of their non-amenability to reverse-phase chromatographic separation and poor recoveries. On the other hand, single-residue methods pose limitations because of the various requirements of sample preparation and LC-MS/MS conditions. A new multiresidue method is thus warranted for rapid and simultaneous analysis of polar pesticides.

Rapid and Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 From Milk Using Atmospheric Pressure-Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (AP-MALDI)-Triple Quadrupole Selected Reaction Monitoring.

Background: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogenic hydroxylated metabolite commonly found in milk. It is relatively stable toward decontamination procedures posing a major health risk, and it requires an international regulatory mandate of detection at trace levels.

Objective: To develop a high-throughput, reliable, and compliant method for the identification of AFM1 in milk samples using atmospheric pressure-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) selected reaction monitoring (SRM) quantitation.

Multi-residue method validation and safety evaluation of pesticide residues in seed spices cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).

The manuscript reports comprehensive multi-residue determination of 215 pesticides in two commercially important Indian spices, Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) by GC-MS/MS analysis. The proposed method involved liquid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile, d-SPE clean-up and final reconstitution of extract in ethyl acetate. d-SPE clean-up with PSA and C18 minimized the matrix effects by 40 and 16%, respectively.

Coupling the high-resolution LC-MS characterisation of the phenolic compounds with the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of helencha ( Lour.).

Unlabelled: This study reports the polyphenol profile of helencha ( Lour.), an underutilised, aquatic leafy vegetable, based on high resolution accurate mass analysis. The methanolic extract of helencha leaves was screened by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS).

Dual role of a dedicated GAPDH in the biosynthesis of volatile and non-volatile metabolites- novel insights into the regulation of secondary metabolism in Trichoderma virens.

Trichoderma virens produces viridin/viridiol, heptelidic (koningic) acid, several volatile sesquiterpenes and gliotoxin (Q strains) or gliovirin (P strains). We earlier reported that deletion of the terpene cyclase vir4 and a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, designated as vGPD) associated with the "vir" cluster abrogated the biosynthesis of several volatile sesquiterpene metabolites. Here we show that, the deletion of this GAPDH also impairs the biosynthesis of heptelidic acid (a non-volatile sesquiterpene), viridin (steroid) and gliovirin (non-ribosomal peptide), indicating regulation of non-volatile metabolite biosynthesis by this GAPDH that is associated with a secondary metabolism gene cluster.

Bioefficacy, residue dynamics and dietary risk assessment of gibberellic acid in improving the potential yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

The increasing use of gibberellic acid (GA) to promote fruit growth and yield has necessitated research into its trace level determination and estimation in harvested product. The phytohormone has increased the tomato yield (tonne ha) up to 24.7% with uniform fruit shape, size colour and lustre.

Genetic diversity of Indian garlic core germplasm using agro-biochemical traits and SRAP markers.

The characterization of garlic germplasm improves its utility, despite the fact that garlic hasn't been used much in the past. Garlic has an untapped genetic pool of immense economic and medicinal value in India. Hence, using heuristic core collection approach, a core set of 46 accessions were selected from 625 Indian garlic accessions based on 13 quantitative and five qualitative traits.

Decontamination of aflatoxin B1 in peanuts using various cooking methods.

Peanut and its processed products are recurrently contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) which are of potential public health concern. Among the different types of AFs, Aflatoxin B1 (B1) is the most frequently detected in peanuts over the maximum level (ML), and thus has warranted considerable research interest in the domain of food safety. In this study, we investigated the decontamination of B1 in three naturally-incurred lots (4, 12, and 40 µg/kg) of peanuts by a range of cooking treatments, including frying, pressure cooking, and roasting.

High-Throughput Analysis of Aflatoxins in Cereals, Nuts, and Processed Products Involving Automated Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Inline HPLC-Fluorescence Detection.

Background: The testing of aflatoxins (AFs) in fresh and processed foods is highly in demand to comply with trade regulations. Consequently, commercial laboratories face huge AF sample loads in food consignments. Worldwide, there is a rising interest in implementing automation to increase sample throughput in AF analysis.

Development and validation of an analytical method for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in sesame seeds using liquid- and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

For the first time, an analytical method for the multiresidue analysis of multiclass pesticides in sesame seeds using liquid- and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. At first, the sample was comminuted after adding water (1:2 w/v). The sample preparation workflow included acetonitrile extraction, followed by freeze-out of the extract at -80°C with a subsequent cleanup by dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) (100 mg of C + 150 mg of MgSO for LC-MS/MS and 100 mg of C + 25 mg florisil + 150 mg of MgSO for GC-MS/MS).

Impact of chitosan seed treatment of fenugreek for management of root rot disease caused by under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

The use of chitosan as an alternative for fungicides has received more attention worldwide. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of chitosan against causing root rot in fenugreek. Chitosan treatments ranged from 0.

Multiclass pesticide residue analysis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) using high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry: A simultaneous screening and quantitative method.

Public exposure to pesticides through tobacco has attracted serious attention. Here we report a simultaneous screening and quantitation method for the non-target multiresidue analysis of pesticides in different tobacco types. The method involved extraction of a homogenate (20 g, containing 2 g tobacco) in ethyl acetate (10 mL), cleanup of 2 mL extract by dispersive solid phase extraction with PSA (50 mg)+C (50 mg)+GCB (25 mg)+MgSO (100 mg), followed by reconstitution in 1 mL acetonitrile:water (3:7) and analysis using HPLC with Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry.

Interaction of zinc oxide nanoparticles with soil: Insights into the chemical and biological properties.

Widespread use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) threatens soil, plants, terrestrial and aquatic animals. Thus, it is essential to explore the fate and behavior of NPs in soil and also its mechanism of interaction with soil microbial biodiversity to maintain soil health and quality to accomplish essential ecosystem services. With this background, the model experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to study the impact of ZnO-NPs on soil taking maize as a test crop.

Comparative evaluation of multi-residue methods for analysis of pesticide residues in black pepper by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: critical evaluation of matrix co-extractives and method validation.

A gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of 133 pesticides in Black pepper (). QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) sample preparation method is preferred over multistep methods. Extraction was done by using acetonitrile followed by clean up using graphitized carbon, primary secondary amine and octadecyl silica (C).

Epiphytic Microbial Diversity of Vitis vinifera Fructosphere: Present Status and Potential Applications.

Vineyard provides an apt environment for growth of different types of microorganisms. The microbial domain is greatly affected by changing climatic conditions, geographical region, water activity, agricultural practices, presence of different pathogens and various pests. Grapevine microbial diversity is also affected by different stages of plant growth.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of patulin in apple and apple juice.

This study reports a robust and sensitive method for rapid testing of patulin in apple and apple juice. The method involved extraction of homogenised samples (10 g) with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and clean up by dispersive-solid phase extraction using primary secondary amine (25 mg/mL). Prior to the LC-MS/MS analysis, the cleaned extract was reconstituted in methanol/water (2:8).

Single-Laboratory Validation of a Multi-residue Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Multi-class Pesticides in Turmeric by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Background: For years, turmeric has been used in several cuisines worldwide because of its proven health benefits. However, as its cultivation often involves applications of polar and semi-polar pesticides, their residues might cause health hazards to consumers. The dearth of a validated LC-MS/MS method for the residue analysis of these pesticides in turmeric has warranted the present study.

assisted identification of peppery aroma compound 'rotundone' backbone genes from black pepper.

Rotundone, an oxygenated sesquiterpene compound, responsible for the peppery aroma. The importance of the rotundone in the flavor industry warrants search for the precursor genes in plants. We report in this study, the first on the identification of rotundone backbone genes viz.