[Prospects for use of short peptides in pharmacotherapeutic correction of Alzheimer's disease.].

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive cognitive decline. This review discusses current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, their limitations, and potential prospects. The feasibility of comprehensive approach for AD therapy is considered in contrast to the classical method in the development of therapeutic strategy.

The Role of TRP Channels in Sepsis and Colitis.

To date, several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels which provide a wide array of roles have been found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI). The goal of earlier research was to comprehend the intricate signaling cascades that contribute to TRP channel activation as well as how these receptors' activity affects other systems. Moreover, there is a large volume of published studies describing the role of TRP channels in a number of pathological disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and sepsis.

Correlations of Expression Levels of Lung Cancer Marker Gene Eno2 and Genes of Carcinogenesis and Apoptosis in the Hypothalamus of Mice with Depression-Like Behavior.

We experimentally demonstrated that chronic social stress during the development of a depression-like state enhances lung metastasis and modifies the expression of many carcinogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes in the hypothalamus of mice, including genes involved in lung cancer pathogenesis in humans. Analysis of the expression of genes encoding the major clinical markers of lung cancer in the hypothalamus of mice with depression-like behavior revealed increased expression of the Eno2 gene encoding neuron-specific enolase, a blood marker of lung cancer progression in humans. It was shown that the expression of this gene in the hypothalamus correlated with the expression of many carcinogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes.

Sepsis-Induced Inhibition of Contractile Function of Lymphatic Nodes.

Inflammation accompanies most pathological processes, while the lymphatic system takes part in both the development and resolution of inflammation. We studied the contractile function of rat lymph nodes after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In 24 h after CLP, the mesenteric lymph nodes were removed and placed in the myograph chamber.

[Diagnosis of fragility and age resilience from a dynamical systems perspective.].

The concepts of fragility and resilience are often used together to describe elderly people with reduced physical activity. While fragility, which develops with the aging of the body, is a biological syndrome of a decrease in the stressors response resulting from cumulative regression in many physiological systems, and age related a comprehensive assessment of the ability resistance to stress. In this regard, it is important to develop systems and scales for the identification groups of risk among the elderly.

Neuroadaptive Biochemical Mechanisms of Remote Ischemic Conditioning.

This review summarizes the currently known biochemical neuroadaptive mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning. In particular, it focuses on the significance of the pro-adaptive effects of remote ischemic conditioning which allow for the prevention of the neurological and cognitive impairments associated with hippocampal dysregulation after brain damage. The neuroimmunohumoral pathway transmitting a conditioning stimulus, as well as the molecular basis of the early and delayed phases of neuroprotection, including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory components, are also outlined.

[Audiological testing in complex geriatric assessment of patients.].

The aim of the study is to evaluate the advantage of including audiological testing in the system of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) of patients. The results of a survey of 988 elderly and senile people (average age 77±7,4 years) are presented, each of whom underwent a CGA and hearing assessment by filling out a questionnaire Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly, Screening version (HHIE-S). All patients were divided into two groups: the first group included 780 inpatient patients undergoing medical and social rehabilitation in different departments of the Saint-Petersburg City Geriatric Center.

[KE peptide regulates SIRT1, PARP1, PARP2 gene expression and protein synthesis in human mesenchymal stem cells aging.].

It was shown that KE peptide (Lys-Glu, vilon) has immunomodulatory, oncostatic and geroprotective effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the KE peptide on gene expression and protein synthesis of SIRT1, PARP1, PARP2 during aging of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The KE peptide increased gene expression and synthesis of the SIRT1 protein in «young» MSCs by 6 and 8,2 times, respectively.

Long-Term Effect of Moderate Hypoxia and Chronic Administration of Fluoxetine during the Neonatal Period on Cognitive and Stress-Hormonal Functions in Adult Male Rats.

We studied the effect of moderate neonatal normobaric hypoxia on the indicators of spatial learning, memory, and reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in adult male Wistar rats. The pharmacological effect of chronic injections of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine during the neonatal period on the studied behavioral and the physiological indices was evaluated. Hypoxia impaired spatial training, increased the short-term memory performance, but did not change long-term memory and stress indicator in response to its testing.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crosstalk between Histamine, Immunity, and Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern. It is generally acknowledged that a variety of factors play a role in the pathogenesis of this group of chronic inflammatory diseases. The diversity of molecular actors involved in IBD does not allow us to fully assess the causal relationships existing in such interactions.

Resistance to Resveratrol Treatment in Experimental PTSD Is Associated with Abnormalities in Hepatic Metabolism of Glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids are metabolized by the CYP3A isoform of cytochrome P450 and by 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1). Experimental data suggest that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increase in hepatic 11β-HSD-1 activity and a concomitant decrease in hepatic CYP3A activity. -resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, has been extensively studied for its antipsychiatric properties.

Can Resveratrol Influence the Activity of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1? A Combined In Silico and In Vivo Study.

The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) is an NADPH-dependent reductase, responsible for the activation of cortisol by reducing cortisone. Resveratrol (RES), a type of natural polyphenol, is reported to be able to slow the progression of cancer and cardiovascular disease and improve the health of mice on a high-calorie diet. In this article, we applied molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the possibility of binding RES to 11β-HSD-1.

Three levels of information processing in the brain.

Information, the measure of order in a complex system, is the opposite of entropy, the measure of chaos and disorder. We can distinguish several levels at which information is processed in the brain. The first one is the level of serial molecular genetic processes, similar in some aspects to digital computations (DC).

Role of Na,K-ATPase in Bone Remodeling.

The effects of cardiotonic steroids (ouabain and digoxin) on the bone formation were studied using the organotypic tissue culture in combination with confocal microscopy. The expression of α- and α-isoforms of Na,K-ATPase was detected in cells of the bone tissue of 12-day-old chicken embryos. Ouabain in a concentrations 10 M (comparable with its endogenous concentration) can modulate transducer function of Na,K-ATPase and control the growth and proliferation bone tissue cells.

Color-Coding Method Reveals Enhancement of Stereotypic Locomotion by Phenazepam in Rat Open Field Test.

One of the most important tasks in neuroscience is the search for theoretical foundations for the development of methods for diagnosing and treating neurological pathology, and for assessing the effect of pharmacological drugs on the nervous system. Specific behavioral changes associated with exposure to systemic influences have been invisible to the human eye for a long time. A similar pattern of changes is characteristic of phenazepam, a drug with a wide range of effects on the brain.

A possible mechanism of neural read-out from a molecular engram.

What is the physical basis of declarative memory? The predominant view holds that stored information is embedded in the structure of a neural net, that is, in the signs and weights of its synaptic connections. An alternative possibility is that storage and processing are separated, and that the engram is encoded chemically, most probably in the sequence of a nucleic acid. One deterrent to adoption of the latter hypothesis has been the difficulty of envisaging how neural actively could be converted to and from a molecular code.

Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Hypoxia.

Oxygen is one of the most important elements, ensuring the vital activity of the body [...

Hypoxia and Intestinal Inflammation: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways.

The gastrointestinal tract (GI) has a unique oxygenation profile. It should be noted that the state of hypoxia can be characteristic of both normal and pathological conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) play a key role in mediating the response to hypoxia, and they are tightly regulated by a group of enzymes called HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD).

[Transcranial electrical stimulation of audiology patients of different ages.].

The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of subjective assessments and audiological parameters of patients with hearing loss obtained before and after the course of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES). The study group included 99 patients (45 men and 54 women) with chronic mono- (16%) and bilateral (76%) sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) aged 20 to 85 years. Groups of young and middle age (20-59 years old) amounted to 37 people; elderly (60-74 years old) - 48 and senile (75-90 years old) - 14 people.

Novel Chromone-Containing Allylmorpholines Induce Anxiolytic-like and Sedative Effects in Adult Zebrafish.

Chromone-containing allylmorpholines (CCAMs) are a novel class of compounds that have demonstrated acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase-inhibiting and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-blocking properties in vitro, but their in vivo pharmacological activity remains underexplored. In this work, we evaluated the psychotropic activity of five different CCAMs (1 (9a), 2 (9j), 3 (9l), 4 (33a), and 5 (33b)) using the novel tank test (NTT) and light/dark box (LDB) test in adult zebrafish. The CCAMs were screened in the NTT at a range of concentrations, and they were found to induce a dose-dependent sedative effect.

[Age-related resilience as a manifestation of neurovegetative regulation of organism's functions.].

The concept of human resilience was created to search for new approaches to improving the well-being of middle-aged, elderly and old people. Resilience is based on the physiological mechanisms of maintaining homeostasis and the ability of organs and tissues to regenerate. Identifying the correlation between environmental factors and the level of reactivity of the body is an important aspect in assessing viability.

Changes in Brain Electrical Activity after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. To search for new therapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic strategies, numerous models of this disease have been proposed, the most popular being transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Behavioral and sensorimotor testing, biochemical, and histological methods are traditionally used in conjunction with this model to assess the effectiveness of potential treatment options.

Sexual Function and Mood Disorders Among Menopausal Women: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Background: Changes in sex hormones during menopause may have detrimental effects on a woman's sexual function and cause mood disorders. The treatment of both conditions is a challenge in gynecology.

Aim: To review the published literature on sexual function and mood disorders among peri- and postmenopausal women.

[Features of assessing the quality of medical care for patients with chronic heart failure of older age groups (review).].

The review presents a literature analysis on the quality of medical care in general and the criteria for their assessment. The main discussion is conducted in several areas: what indicators are currently available; which of them can be used in elderly and senile age groups; what indicators should be used in this category of patients. Based on the review, it should be concluded, that the existing quality indicators do not reflect the specifics of providing care to elderly and senile people with chronic heart failure.