Breast Cancer risk in patients with dopamine agonist-treated hyperprolactinemia.

Purpose: Given prolactin's (PRL) multifaceted roles in mammary tissue, an association between hyperprolactinemia and breast cancer has been hypothesized. Despite previous studies not identifying this risk, we aimed to investigate whether a connection exists.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study compared breast cancer incidence in patients with dopamine agonist (DA)-treated hyperprolactinemia versus matched controls in a 1:5 ratio.

Characterizing clinical and hormonal profiles of acne in north African women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading endocrine disorder in young women of childbearing age. Dermatological issues, particularly acne, are a major reason for medical consultations. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of PCOS in patients presenting with acne as their main dermatological complaint and to compare the metabolic and hormonal clinical characteristics of acne patients with PCOS to those with isolated acne.

Ectopic acromegaly with tumoral range hyperprolactinemia and apoplexy with a dramatic regression of pituitary hyperplasia.

Acromegaly due to ectopic secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a rare disorder. The signs and symptoms of ectopic acromegaly are indistinguishable from acromegaly due to a somatotroph adenoma. A 35-year-old female presented with secondary amenorrhea for 10 years, intermittent headache, and reduced vision in both eyes for 4 years, which worsened over 4 months before presentation.

Usefulness of prolactin levels in predicting the etiology of hyperprolactinemia in a cohort of 770 patients.

Objective: Determining the etiology of hyperprolactinemia is fundamental for selecting the most appropriate treatment strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of prolactin levels in predicting the etiology of nonphysiological hyperprolactinemia.

Subjects And Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed medical records of patients with nonphysiological hyperprolactinemia seen at two neuroendocrine reference centers located in Recife, Brazil, from January 2000 to December 2019.

Isolated IgG4-related Infundibulo-hypophysitis.

A 72-year-old man presented with several months of weakness, poor appetite, and depressed moods. Laboratory tests indicated central hypocortisolism, hypothyroidism and hypogonadism, and mild hyperprolactinemia. Imaging indicated a homogenously enhancing solid suprasellar mass inseparable from the hypothalamus and contiguous with a thickened proximal infundibulum.

Prolactin and Hyperprolactinaemia in Endometriosis-Related Infertility: Are There Clinically Significant Connections?

Endometriosis and hyperprolactinaemia are conditions that might lead to infertility as a consequence. The aim of this article was to present the current knowledge about possible relationships between prolactin/hyperprolactinaemia and endometriosis-related infertility. Experimental studies on local prolactin acting as cytokine and relationship of prolactin and endometriotic tissue, as well as clinical studies on hyperprolactinaemia and endometriosis-related infertility suggest the possible role of prolactin in endometriosis-related infertility, but final proof is still missing and the exact pathogenesis of infertility in such cases is still under investigation.

Use of Long-Acting Injectables for Severe Mental Illness in the Peripartum Period: A Case Report and a Scoping Review.

The management of acute mania during pregnancy poses a complex clinical task, necessitating careful consideration of treatment options and demanding a delicate balance between the risks associated with medication use and the adverse impacts of untreated severe mental illness on the fetus. Medication nonadherence stands out as a significant factor contributing to relapse, with rates potentially reaching 40%. The pharmacokinetic profile of long-acting injectable (LAI) risperidone contrasts with that of oral risperidone, characterized by a gradual and consistent release from the depot, mitigating fluctuations between peak and trough concentrations.

The homeo-FIT-prolactin hypothesis: the role of prolactin in metabolic homeostasis - association or causality?

The homeo-fit-prolactin hypothesis proposes a causal metabolic role for prolactin with hypoprolactinemia and hyperprolactinemia leading to adverse metabolic alterations. However, prolactin within the normal range and up to four times the upper reference limit may be a consequence of metabolic adaption and have a positive metabolic role similar to increased insulin in pre-diabetes. As a consequence, drugs that would increase prolactin levels within this threshold may hold promising effects, particularly for patients with type 2 diabetes.

A disproportionality analysis of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia based on FDA adverse event reporting system.

Objective: This study aims to compare the risks of different antipsychotics in causing hyperprolactinemia, taking into account the age, gender, and onset time.

Materials And Methods: We searched the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 1, 2004, to March 31, 2022, for reports of hyperprolactinemia treated with antipsychotics. We evaluated the association between antipsychotics and the risk of hyperprolactinemia using reporting odds ratio (ROR) based on a disproportionality analysis.

Medical therapy for male infertility.

Purpose Of Review: To provide up-to-date evidence and clinical guidance on the role of medical therapy in the context of hormonal imbalances affecting human spermatogenesis.

Recent Findings: Compelling evidence has accumulated over the years regarding the role of gonadotropins, selective estrogen modulators, and aromatase inhibitors to either improve or restore spermatogenesis in men with hormonal abnormalities (e.g.

Dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists in the treatment of schizophrenia -example of brexpiprazole.

Since the 1950s, there have been rapid developments in psychiatric pharmacotherapy, resulting not only in more effective treatment of patients, but also in improvements in minimizing adverse effects of therapy. Modern third-generation antipsychotics, in addition to antagonism toward D2 receptors, also exhibit partial agonism toward dopamine receptors. Such a mechanism of action is intended to regulate dopaminergic transmission - inhibit (antagonism) it in pathways where it is excessive (excessive transmission in the mesolimbic pathway in psychotic patients, excessive transmission in the tuberoinfundibular pathway in patients with hyperprolactinemia) and stimulate (agonism) it in pathways where it is too low (mesocortical pathway).

Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of hypo- and hyper-prolactinemia on spermatogenesis and fertility in male rats.

Purpose: Hypo- and hyper-prolactinemia have deleterious effects on male reproduction, yet there is a dearth of information regarding the underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which hypo- and hyper-prolactinemia affects spermatogenesis and fertility in male rats.

Methods: In vivo male rat models for hypo- and hyper-prolactinemia were established using dopamine receptor agonist, Bromocriptine (Brm), and antagonist, Fluphenazine (Flu), respectively.

The Ser434Phe Gene Mutation Does Not Affect Fertility but is Associated with Increased Prolactin.

Introduction: Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland essential for lactation. Non-physiological hyperprolactinemia characterized by serum prolactin levels exceeding 20 ng/mL in men and 25 ng/mL in women, often results from medication use or pituitary gland tumors. In a minority of cases, the cause of hyperprolactinemia remains unknown despite clinical investigations.

An illustrated review on herbal medicine used for the treatment of female infertility.

Infertility is one of the significant global issues that affects approximately 15-17 % of couples worldwide, with around 50 % of cases being attributed to female infertility factors. The exploration of herbal extracts and their effects on female infertility has been limited, particularly regarding the underlying mechanisms beyond hormonal and oxidative stress influences. In this study, the herbal medicines with potential effects such as antioxidative properties, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis have been reviewed.

Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Combination with Endometrial Scratching for Patients Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatment.

Endometrium scratching is a process of intentionally injuring the endometrium, and after scratching the endometrium, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is inserted into the endometrial wall to improve pregnancy outcome. This case report revolves around a 33-year-old woman and her 38-year-old husband, who have been married for 3 years and were seeking treatment for their secondary infertility. The female had a history of hypothyroidism, and after the investigation, she was diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia.

L-Dopa Might Be Insufficient to Suppress Development of Prolactinomas in Dihydropteridine Reductase-Deficiency Patients.

Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency is a disorder that prevents regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), causing hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and low levels of neurotransmitters, including dopamine. Due to low levels of dopamine, patients present with hyperprolactinemia. Treatment consists of a phenylalanine (Phe)-restricted diet, hydroxytryptophan and levodopa (L-Dopa) supplementation, leading to a rapid normalization of prolactin (PRL) levels.

A gene regulating ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in .

Unlabelled: Ergot alkaloid synthesis () gene clusters found in several fungi encode biosynthesis of agriculturally and pharmaceutically important ergot alkaloids. Although the biosynthetic genes of the ergot alkaloid pathway have been well characterized, regulation of those genes is unknown. We characterized a gene with sequence similarity to a putative transcription factor and that was found adjacent to the cluster of , a plant symbiont and insect pathogen.