The apicoplast biogenesis and metabolism: current progress and questions.

Many apicomplexan parasites have a chloroplast-derived apicoplast containing several metabolic pathways. Recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of apicoplast biogenesis and metabolism while also raising new questions. Here, we review recent progress on the biological roles of individual metabolic pathways, focusing on two medically important parasites, Plasmodium spp.

Protective effects of insoluble dietary fiber from cereal bran against DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice: From inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, intestinal barrier, and gut microbiota.

Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) is a crucial component of cereals, and IDF from cereal bran (IDF-CB) has been reported to have multiple biological activities. However, the effect of IDF-CB on chronic colitis remains underexplored. The study aimed to investigate the impact of IDFs from wheat bran (WBIDF), rice bran (RBIDF), millet bran (MBIDF) and oat bran (OBIDF) on chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS).

Effects of starters on the quality of fermented fish (Zaoyu): Key microorganisms for coloring, softening, and improving flavor.

This study aimed to improve the quality of fermented fish Zaoyu by inoculating different starters (Chuzhai starter, Aroma starter and Sweetness starter), and examining the role of key microorganisms. High-throughput sequencing showed the microbial composition of Aroma starter was similar to Sweetness starter, but both were different from Chuzhai starter. Compared to traditional fermentation, inoculated fermentation with Aroma starter and Sweetness starter strengthened the color of Zaoyu by Maillard reaction and softened the muscle by degrading muscle fibers, endomysium and epicardium.

Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions with antioxidant and bacteriostatic capabilities: A preliminary exploration of food preservation films.

The development of stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions for edible preservation coatings and films, utilizing their properties, deserves scientific attention. In this study, oregano essential oil and D‑sodium erythorbate were simultaneously loaded into W/O/W emulsions, and the homogenization conditions of the W/O/W emulsions were optimized. The structure and interactions of gum Arabic (GA) and whey protein isolate (WPI) as the outer phase were analyzed.

A broad-spectrum antibody-based lateral flow immunoassay for detection of carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran.

Simultaneous detection of carbofuran (CBF) and 3-hydroxy carbofuran (3-OH-CBF) in fruits and vegetables is important due to their high toxicity and widespread use in pest control. However, most lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) approaches only detection CBF. To overcome this limitation, two haptens, 6-((2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl)oxy)hexanoic acid and 6-((((2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroben zofuran-7-yl)oxy)carbonyl)amino)hexanoic acid, named H1 and H2, were designed for broad-spectrum antibody detection of CBF and 3-OH-CBF.

HBXN2020 alleviates Typhimurium infection in mice by improving intestinal barrier integrity and reducing inflammation.

is a species of that has been widely investigated because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, most studies on have focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, with few reports on antagonizing Typhimurium infections. In this investigation, it was discovered that HBXN2020, which was isolated from healthy black pigs, possessed strong anti-stress and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.

Field-deployable porcine epidemic diarrhea virus diagnostics utilizing CRISPR-Cas13a.

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), a pathogenic microorganism that induces epidemic diarrhoea in swine, causes substantial economic damage to swine-farming nations. To prevent and control PEDV infections, the availability of upgraded and rapid virus detection techniques is crucial. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)13a system, namely, programmability of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and "collateral" promiscuous RNase activity of Cas13a after target RNA identification.

EP152R-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to African swine fever virus infection via the PERK-eIF2α pathway.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, icosahedral, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family and the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF). ASFV causes a hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in domestic and wild pigs. ASFV contains an open reading frame named EP152R, previous research has shown that EP152R is an essential gene for virus rescue in swine macrophages.

Metabolism Interaction Between Bacillus cereus SESY and Brassica napus Contributes to Enhance Host Selenium Absorption and Accumulation.

The use of beneficial bacteria to enhance selenium absorption in crops has been widely studied. However, it is unclear how the interaction between bacteria and plants affects selenium absorption in crops. Here, pot experiments and Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) experiments were performed.

Comparative RNA profiling identifies stage-specific phasiRNAs and coexpressed Argonaute genes in Bambusoideae and Pooideae species.

Phased, small interfering RNAs (PhasiRNAs) play a crucial role in supporting male fertility in grasses. Earlier work in maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa)-and subsequently many other plant species-identified premeiotic 21-nucleotide (nt) and meiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs. More recently, a group of premeiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs was discovered in the anthers of 2 Pooideae species, barley (Hordeum vulgare) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum).

A taxonomic note on the order : description of 12 novel families and emended description of 21 families.

The order , belonging to class , is globally distributed in various ecosystems. Currently, this order comprised 12 families that show vast phenotypic, ecological and genotypic variation. The classification of at the family level is currently mainly based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and the presence of shared phenotypic characteristics, resulting in noticeable anomalies.

Betaine Supplementation Into High-Carbohydrate Diets Improves Feed Efficiency and Liver Health of by Increasing Taurine Synthesis.

Dietary betaine supplementation has been reported to alleviate the adverse effects of high-carbohydrate diets on , while the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, a 79-day feeding trial was conducted with 450 juvenile (average weight 6.75 ± 0.

Efficient and sustainable removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in a membrane biofilm: Oxygen supply dosage impacts mineralization pathway.

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) can be thoroughly mineralized within sufficient oxygen (O), but which is energy intensive and may causes serious foaming problem. Although cometabolism can achieve efficient LAS removal within a wide range of O dosages, how O dosage systematically affects LAS metabolic pathway is still unclear. Here, membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) enabled accurate O delivery and bulk dissolved oxygen (DO) control.

VCAN in the extracellular matrix drives glioma recurrence by enhancing cell proliferation and migration.

Introduction: Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant intracranial tumors, characterized by high rates of therapy resistance, recurrence, and mortality. A major factor contributing to the poor prognosis of gliomas is their ability to diffusely infiltrate surrounding and even distant brain tissues, rendering complete total resection almost impossible and leading to frequent recurrences. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in the tumor microenvironment and may significantly influence glioma progression, recurrence, and therapeutic response.

Optogenetic stimulation of the "Zusanli" acupoint alleviates inflammatory pain through active Wnt/β-Catenin and MAPK signaling pathway in rats.

Inflammatory pain, an important form of common pain, negatively influences the quality of life. Pathway-selective optogenetic control is a popular tool in neuronal function research; however, attempts to modulate rodent behavior using pathway-selective optogenetics remain unverified. We developed a methodology for pathway-selective optogenetics in rats, focusing on the delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) containing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) injected at the "Zusanli" acupoints to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and toes, which is a part of the complex neuron network.

Regulation mechanism of oxidative status, immunity and apoptosis induced by hypoxia and heat exposure via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in Megalobrama amblycephala.

Megalobrama amblycephala, a main herbivorous fish with notable economic benefits in China, often faces serious challenges to its survival and growth due to hypoxia and heat caused by factors such as global warming and intensive aquaculture. To evaluate the combined effects of these stressors, we performed a two-factor crossover test to assess the impacts of simultaneous exposure to hypoxia (2 mg/L) and heat (35 °C) on oxidative stress, immunity and apoptosis in M. amblycephala.

IL-7 promotes mRNA vaccine-induced long-term immunity.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a key technology in combating existing and emerging infectious diseases. However, improving the immunogenicity and durability of mRNA vaccines remains a challenge. To elicit optimal immune responses, integrating antigen-encoded mRNA and immunostimulatory adjuvants into a single formulation is a promising approach to enhancing the efficacy of mRNA vaccines.

A novel antimicrobial peptide CpAMP identified from Chinese horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus.

Antibacterial peptide (AMP) is a crucial component of the innate immune system in most organism, play an important role in host defense processes. Many of these peptides have broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative, -positive bacteria and fungi. In the present study, a novel AMP named CpAMP was identified using transcriptome analysis in Chinese horseshoe crab.

Combining citrus waste-derived function microbes with biochar promotes humus formation by enhancing lignocellulose degradation in citrus waste compost.

The low degradation rate of lignocellulose limits the humification process of citrus organic waste composting. This study explored the roles of general microbial inoculation (GM), citrus waste-derived function microbial inoculation (CM), and CM combined with biochar (CMB) in citrus waste compost. Results showed microbial inoculations all promoted lignocellulose degradation and humus formation, but the roles of CM and CMB were better than GM, especially CMB.

ZFP36 Facilitates Senecavirus A (SVA) replication by inhibiting the production of type I interferon.

Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play an important role in the host-virus interplay. Zinc finger protein 36 is a member of the zinc finger protein 36 family, which includes two other paralogs, namely ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2. Studies have demonstrated that ZFP36L1 acts as a host defender against influenza A virus and flaviviruses.