A Review of Muscle Relaxants in Anesthesia in Patients with Neuromuscular Disorders Including Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Myasthenia Gravis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, and Inflammatory Myopathies.

Anesthesia management in neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) is a complex challenge, requiring careful preoperative evaluation, tailored treatment strategies, and vigilant perioperative monitoring. This review examines the nuances of anesthesia in patients with NMD, addressing potential complications such as intubation difficulties, respiratory failure, and adverse effects of anesthetics and neuromuscular conduction blocking agents (NMBAs). Nondepolarizing NMBAs, including steroidal agents and benzylisoquinolines, are analyzed for their role, risks, and optimal use based on procedural requirements and patient characteristics.

HERV-W envelope protein is present in microglial cells of the human glioma tumor microenvironment and differentially modulates neoplastic cell behavior.

Gliomas are the most common parenchymal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). With regard to their still unclear etiology, several recent studies have provided evidence of a new category of pathogenic elements called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) which seem to contribute to the evolution and progression of many neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), schizophrenia, chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy (CIDP) and, particularly, multiple sclerosis (MS). In these diseases, HERVs exert effects on cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and migration.

Optimizing Anesthetic Management for Laparoscopic Surgery: A Comprehensive Review.

Laparoscopy, as the most frequently chosen surgical technique in the world, carries specific complications and distinctions in anesthetic management. Complications of laparoscopy, particularly perceptible as disorders of the physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems, are caused by the specific technical conditions required for this type of operation. To facilitate surgical access and to clarify the surgical field, it is necessary to create a splenic emphysema, consisting of filling the peritoneal cavity with carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Association of self-reported health problems and interpersonal violence in sport: a cross-sectional study in world-level performing athletes.

Objectives: A paucity of studies assesses the intersection of physical health (injury and illness), mental health and experiences of interpersonal violence (IV, also known as harassment and abuse) in sport. The objectives of this study were to examine the (a) frequency of self-reported physical and mental health problems of elite athletes in the 12 months prior to the survey, (b) differences in physical and mental health between male and female athletes and (c) relationship of athlete health with experiences of IV.

Methods: Elite adult athletes from four sports were approached at eight international events to answer an online questionnaire on their physical and mental health, as well as experiences of IV in sport within the past 12 months.

The Dosage of Muscle Relaxants in Morbidly Obese Patients in Daily Practice - A Narrative Review.

The prevalence of morbid obesity in today's population around the world is alarming. Morbid obesity involves substantial changes in body composition and function, which can affect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. This paper aims to discuss the application of muscle relaxants and their reversing agents in patients with morbid obesity.

Electrical brain networks before and after transcranial pulsed shockwave stimulation in Alzheimer's patients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that dramatically affects cognitive abilities and represents the most common cause of dementia. Currently, pharmacological interventions represent the main treatment to deal with the symptoms of AD; however, alternative approaches are readily sought. Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique that uses short, repetitive shockwaves with the potential to provide a wide range of vascular, metabolic, and neurotrophic changes and that has recently been shown to improve cognitive abilities in AD.

Navigating Anesthesia: Muscle Relaxants and Reversal Agents in Patients with Renal Impairment.

This comprehensive review explores the interaction between neuromuscular blocking agents, reversal agents, and renal function, focusing on various drugs commonly used in anesthesia and their effects on kidney health. Succinylcholine, commonly used for anesthesia induction, can trigger elevated potassium levels in patients with specific medical conditions, leading to serious cardiac complications. While studies suggest the use of succinylcholine in patients with renal failure is safe, cases of postoperative hyperkalemia warrant further investigation.

The Influence of Acid-Base Balance on Anesthetic Muscle Relaxants: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical Applications and Mechanisms.

Muscle relaxants have broad application in anesthesiology. They can be used for safe intubation, preparing the patient for surgery, or improving mechanical ventilation. Muscle relaxants can be classified based on their mechanism of action into depolarizing and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and centrally acting muscle relaxants.

The Use of Muscle Relaxants After Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy.

Introduction: Patients after chemotherapy and radiotherapy while being operated can suffer from different systemic problems, which may complicate the anesthetic management. Some interactions between muscle relaxants and chemotherapeutics can occur.

Aim: This article aims to present the use of muscle relaxants in cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

A Review of the Current Status of Anesthetic Management of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic connective tissue disease of immunological etiology. In the course of the disease, symptoms of the musculoskeletal system predominate, but other systems can also be affected. The disease may require long-term treatment, and patients often require surgery on damaged joints.

Decoding the Neurological Sequelae of General Anesthesia: A Review.

General anesthesia is an integral part of modern surgical practice, but it is associated with a number of complications, including neurological ones. This article provides a thorough analysis of these complications, taking into account the most common ones like drug complications, through delirium, postoperative cognitive impairment (POCD), to the rarest ones like perioperative stroke (POS), spinal cord ischemia (SCI), and postoperative visual loss (POVL). Its main goal is to familiarize healthcare professionals, especially those involved in anesthesiology, with the intricacies of neurological complications.

The Use of Nitrosative Stress Molecules as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of still unclear etiology. In recent years, the search for biomarkers facilitating its diagnosis, prognosis, therapy response, and other parameters has gained increasing attention. In this regard, in a previous meta-analysis comprising 22 studies, we found that MS is associated with higher nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to patients with non-inflammatory other neurological diseases (NIOND).

Methods for Clinical Monitoring of Neuromuscular Transmission in Anesthesiology - A Review.

The administration of general anesthesia is a crucial aspect of surgery. However, it can pose significant risks to patients, such as respiratory depression and prolonged neuromuscular blockade. To avoid such complications, it is essential to monitor neuromuscular transmission during anesthesia.

Retrospective analysis of decision-making in post-traumatic posterior shoulder instability.

Purpose: This study aims to assess the clinical outcomes in the management of post-traumatic posterior shoulder instability (PSI) with a focus on the decision-making process for operative and conservative treatments.

Introduction: PSI can result from traumatic events, impacting a patient's quality of life. This study delves to better indicate decision-making for operative indication of post-traumatic PSI patients.

Design of a reverse shoulder implant to measure shoulder stiffness during implant component positioning.

To avoid dislocation of the shoulder joint after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, it is important to achieve sufficient shoulder stability when placing the implant components during surgery. One parameter for assessing shoulder stability can be shoulder stiffness. The aim of this research was to develop a temporary reverse shoulder implant prototype that would allow intraoperative measurement of shoulder stiffness while varying the position of the implant components.

The CINCH-FMR postmarket registry: Real-world long-term outcomes with percutaneous mitral valve repair with the Carillon Mitral Contour System®.

Background: The Carillon® Mitral Contour System® has been studied in 4 prospective controlled studies in the treatment of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) where it has been found to reduce mitral regurgitation, reduce left ventricular and atrial volumes, and be associated with improvements in clinical parameters.

Aims: The CINCH post-market registry is designed to evaluate immediate, mid-term and long-term outcomes from a post-approval study of the Carillon® device evaluated in real-world practice.

Methods: The CINCH post-market registry is a single-arm study of percutaneous mitral annuloplasty with the Carillon device in patients with functional (secondary) mitral regurgitation and symptomatic congestive heart failure when utilized in real-world conditions.

Resting state EEG as biomarker of cognitive training and physical activity's joint effect in Parkinson's patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Background: Cognitive decline is a major factor for the deterioration of the quality of life in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, it was reported that cognitive training (CT) in PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) led to an increase of physical activity (PA) accompanied by improved executive function (EF). Moreover, PA has been shown to alter positively brain function and cognitive abilities in PD.

Neurological Complications of Regional Anesthesia: An Updated Review with Clinical Guidelines.

The main purpose of this article is to present the neurological complications of regional anesthesia. Our analysis may help clinicians determine when regional anesthesia can be administered safely and in which patients it needs additional precautions. Regional anesthesia has a major role in anesthesia practice.

The Use of Muscle Relaxants in Pregnancy and Puerperium Period.

Introduction: Anaesthetising a pregnant woman and during the postpartum period is challenging for most anaesthetists. There are many factors involved, including all the physiological changes that occur in the body of such a woman. Particular attention should be paid to muscle relaxants.

Multidomain cognitive training increases physical activity in people with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), coincides with less physical activity. Cognitive trainings (CT) have been found to promote laboratory environment-based movement. Knowledge about their effect in natural home-based environment, reflecting everyday function, is sparse.