Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 stress signaling and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 in kidney disease.

Kidney disease is the 6th fastest-growing cause of death and a serious global health concern that urges effective therapeutic options. The inflammatory response is an initial reaction from immune and parenchymal cells in kidney diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 are highly expressed by various kidney cells and respond to 'signaling danger' proteins, such as high mobility group box binding protein 1 (HMGB1) and prompt the progression of kidney disease by releasing inflammatory mediators.

Prevalence of clozapine-induced sialorrhea and its effect on quality of life.

Rationale: Clozapine has proven to be superior to other antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia but is under-prescribed due to its potentially severe side effects. Clozapine-induced sialorrhea (CIS) is a frequent and extremely uncomfortable side effect, which remains understudied.

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of diurnal and nocturnal CIS in a sample of patients treated with clozapine, and to evaluate its impact on quality of life.

Promising novel therapeutic targets for kidney disease: Emphasis on kidney-specific proteins.

Worldwide, around 850 million people are diagnosed with kidney disease but the available treatment options are still limited. Preclinical studies propose a plethora of druggable targets that can attenuate kidney disease and could qualify as novel therapeutic strategies, although most of these targets still await clinical testing. Here, we review some promising candidate targets for chronic kidney disease: intermedin, periostin, sirtuin, the cannabinoid receptor, Klotho, and uromodulin.

Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are global health concerns with increasing rates in morbidity and mortality. Transition from AKI-to-CKD is common and requires awareness in the management of AKI survivors. AKI-to-CKD transition is a main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and progression to end-stage kidney disease.

Experience on switching trientine formulations in Wilson disease: Efficacy and safety after initiation of TETA 4HCl as substitute for TETA 2HCl.

Background And Aim: This retrospective, multicenter study aims to assess the efficacy and safety in Wilson disease (WD) patients treated with trientine tetrahydrochloride (TETA 4HCl) after switch from trientine dihydrochloride (TETA 2HCl).

Methods: In total, 68 WD patients with stable copper metabolism were identified to receive TETA 4HCl (Cuprior™) after previous treatment with TETA 2HCl. We analyzed biochemical markers such as urinary copper, serum copper, non-coeruloplasmin bound copper (NCC), and transaminases as well as clinical scores (APRI; FIB-4 score) at baseline with a follow-up (FU) of 12 months.

Receptor-mediated mitophagy: An emerging therapeutic target in acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global health concern associated with high morbidity and mortality. AKI etiology is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction along with oxidative stress and inflammation. The defective mitochondria are removed via mitophagy for maintaining cellular integrity.

Integration of robotic in the reprocessing and transfer of endoscopes.

Optimal hygiene is crucial for patients undergoing flexible endoscopy. Reprocessing is currently influenced by manual procedures performed by endoscopy staff. To overcome this limitation, we designed and evaluated the integration of robotic application for an automated endoscope processing pathway.

Diabetes and Cardiorenal Complications: A Clinical Review of Existing Therapies and Novel Combinations, Focusing on SGLT2 Inhibitors.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a set of metabolic disorders specified by hyperglycemia as a result of abnormalities in insulin secretion or sensitivity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the widespread co-morbidities of T2DM and share risk factors for onset and progression. Despite numerous mono- and combination therapies exist, the progression of diabetes complications remains a global health concern.

Epigenetic regulation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in kidney disease.

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the worldwide population and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a pivotal role in the progression of kidney disease. These epigenetic mechanisms are reversible and majorly involved in regulating gene expression of inflammatory, fibrotic, and apoptotic proteins.

Drug Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes in Animals versus Humans: A Comparative Analysis of Study Designs and Reporting Qualities.

Introduction: Diabetes is a highly prevalent accelerator or even cause of chronic kidney disease imposing a large unmet medical need at the global scale. Massive research activities continue to be in search of a cure but the yield of the classical bench-to-bedside research approach has been low. We speculated that a significant mismatch in design and quality of animal and clinical studies in this domain is a hurdle for translation.

Healthcare Utilization and Costs in Sepsis Survivors in Germany-Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Cohort Study.

: Survivors of sepsis often face long-term sequelae after intensive care treatment. Compared to the period of hospitalization, little is known about the ambulatory healthcare utilization in sepsis patients. The study evaluated healthcare utilization and associated costs of sepsis care including allied health professions after initial hospitalization.

Seizure in Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: A Systematic Review.

Background: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a rare genetic disorder. Its clinical manifestations comprise a wide spectrum mainly movement disorders. Seizure as a clinical manifestation is known to occur in some NBIAs, but the exact prevalence of epilepsy in each individual disorder is not well elucidated.

Genome-wide meta-analysis of phytosterols reveals five novel loci and a detrimental effect on coronary atherosclerosis.

Phytosterol serum concentrations are under tight genetic control. The relationship between phytosterols and coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversially discussed. We perform a genome-wide meta-analysis of 32 phytosterol traits reflecting resorption, cholesterol synthesis and esterification in six studies with up to 9758 subjects and detect ten independent genome-wide significant SNPs at seven genomic loci.

Long non-coding RNAs as emerging regulators of miRNAs and epigenetics in diabetes-related chronic kidney disease.

Diabetes is one of the major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), including "diabetic nephropathy," and is an increasingly prevalent accelerator of the progression of non-diabetic forms of CKD. The long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have come into the limelight in the past few years as one of the emerging weapons against CKD in diabetes. Available data over the past few years demonstrate the interaction of lncRNAs with miRNAs and epigenetic machinery.

Atopic diseases and airway-related symptoms in Bavarian children before starting primary school: Time trend analyses.

Background: After decades of rising prevalence of atopic and airway-related diseases, studies showed stagnating prevalence in western industrialised countries. Objective of this study is to analyse the time trend of prevalence of atopic diseases and airway-related symptoms among Bavarian children before starting primary school.

Materials And Methods: Five cross-sectional studies from 2004/2005, 2006/2007, 2012/2013, 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 took place in urban and rural regions in Bavaria, Germany.

Infrared molecular fingerprinting of blood-based liquid biopsies for the detection of cancer.

Recent omics analyses of human biofluids provide opportunities to probe selected species of biomolecules for disease diagnostics. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigates the full repertoire of molecular species within a sample at once. Here, we present a multi-institutional study in which we analysed infrared fingerprints of plasma and serum samples from 1639 individuals with different solid tumours and carefully matched symptomatic and non-symptomatic reference individuals.

Central positional nystagmus: an update.

Clinically, central positional nystagmus (CPN) is often suspected when atypical forms of its peripheral counterpart, i.e., benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), are observed, namely a linear horizontal nystagmus as in horizontal canal BPPV or a downwardly and torsionally beating nystagmus as in anterior canal BPPV.

The Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections on Stricture Formation, Leakage Rates, Esophageal Elongation, and Anastomotic Healing Following Primary Anastomosis in a Long- and Short-Gap Esophageal Atresia Model - A Protocol for a Randomized, Controlled, Blinded Trial in Pigs.

Background: Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation affecting 1:3000-4500 newborns. Approximately 15% have a long-gap EA (LGEA), in which case a primary anastomosis is often impossible to achieve. To create continuity of the esophagus patients instead have to undergo lengthening procedures or organ interpositions; methods associated with high morbidity and poor functional outcomes.