LIPIDS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS : III. LIPID CONTENT OF SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES FROM TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA.

1. Specific precipitates resulting from the interaction of the homologous capsular polysaccharide and Type I antipneumococcus horse and rabbit sera have been analyzed by gasometric micro methods for total nitrogen, lipid nitrogen, and lipid carbon. 2.

A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS : APPLICATIONS IN SELECTING BREEDING STOCK.

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus.

IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS : IV. STATISTICAL STUDIES OF ELEMENTARY BODIES IN RELATION TO INFECTION AND AGGLUTINATION.

Methods have been described by which the number of elementary bodies present in a suspension can be estimated. It has been shown that by means of replicate counts, in which the Petroff-Hausser chamber was used, a high degree of accuracy can be attained. By means of the Gates densitometer, the number of elementary bodies in a suspension can be determined with a coefficient of variation of about 3.

THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE : V. THE EFFECT OF ADDED LIPIDS ON THE PROTECTIVE MECHANISM.

1. The addition of small amounts of cholesterol and of cephalin reduces markedly the protective action of antipneumococcus horse serum. 2.

THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE : IV. THE PROZONE.

1. Type I antipneumococcus horse serum, in amounts exceeding a characteristic optimum, fails to protect mice against infection with the homologous type pneumococci. This failure is due to a marked inhibition of the phagocytic mechanism in the earlier stages of the infectious process.

TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY : II. REACTIONS OF TISSUES FROM GUINEA PIGS INFECTED WITH GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

1. Guinea pigs infected with naturally pathogenic hemolytic streptococci (group C-Lancefield) develop a low grade chronic type of disease characterized chiefly by purulent lymphadenitis. 2.

TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY : I. TUBERCULIN SENSITIVE TISSUES.

1. A high degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin toxicity was demonstrated when explants from tuberculous animals were grown in media containing that substance. 2.

THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE.

1. Complement is not fixed by immune aggregates resulting from the interaction of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide and type-specific immune horse serum, although under proper conditions the substitution of immune rabbit serum gives positive results. 2.

CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS : X. THE IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ARTIFICIAL ANTIGEN CONTAINING GLUCURONIC ACID.

1. Artificial carbohydrate-protein antigens containing the azobenzylglycosides of glucose and glucuronic acid give rise in rabbits to antibodies which are distinct and immunologically specific. 2.

STUDIES WITH HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS CULTIVATED IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIUM.

The in vitro cultivation of strains of human influenza virus has been successfully conducted through a prolonged series of successive transfers. The cultivated virus has retained the antigenic and immunological properties which characterized the animal passage virus from which it was derived. The culture virus is still virulent for mice and ferrets; it is capable of inducing an active state of immunity in animals vaccinated subcutaneously or intraperitoneally; it elicits specific neutralizing antibodies in the serum of infected or vaccinated animals.

STUDIES IN SYNERGY : SYNERGIC STIMULATING EFFECT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO FOREIGN PROTEIN AND TO BACTERIA.

1. The relative synergic stimulating influence of anti-horse serum sensitivity, non-hemolytic streptococcal hyperergy and staphylotoxin intoxication have been determined in connection with rabbits' reaction to simultaneous injections of lens extracts. These three synergic states are increasingly active in the order named.

STUDIES IN SYNERGY : THE SYNERGIC ACTION OF STAPHYLOTOXIN AND BEEF LENS EXTRACT IN RABBITS.

The degree of immunization and sensitization of rabbits following injections of beef lens is markedly increased when the animals are under the influence of staphylotoxin. Since the effect of the latter is exerted when the two substances are introduced separately into the same tissues with several hours elapsing between injections, or into different veins, it appears that an intimate association of them is unnecessary. A stimulating action of the toxin on the antibody-forming cells is a more probable explanation of the phenomena observed.

THE INCIDENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOR HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN THE SERUM OF HUMAN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES.

The results of mouse protection tests with 136 human sera and a strain of human influenza virus are described. After the 1st year of life, the sera of approximately half the individuals tested contained sufficient antibody to furnish complete protection to mice. A much higher percentage of the sera obtained from individuals recently convalescent from influenza exerted a completely protective effect.

NEUTRALIZATION TESTS WITH SERA OF CONVALESCENT OR IMMUNIZED ANIMALS AND THE VIRUSES OF SWINE AND HUMAN INFLUENZA.

Human and swine influenza viruses were regularly neutralized by their homologous immune sera. However, the sera of animals convalescent from infection with either the swine or human influenza virus possessed little, if any, neutralizing capacity for the heterologous virus. Hyperimmunization of animals against swine influenza virus tended to increase the neutralizing capacity of their sera for human influenza virus, but in an inconstant fashion, whereas repeated inoculations with human influenza virus frequently resulted in sera with strong neutralizing activities against swine influenza virus.

THE CHANGE IN STATE OF THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE IN RIGOR.

1. When myosin is exposed to a typical denaturing agent (acid) it becomes insoluble and its SH groups are activated. 2.

SULFHYDRYL AND DISULFIDE GROUPS OF PROTEINS : IV. SULFHYDRYL GROUPS OF THE PROTEINS OF MUSCLE.

1. In the denatured proteins of skeletal muscle, the ratio of SH to S-S groups is higher than in the mixed denatured proteins of other tissues, with a single exception-the proteins of the crystalline lens. 2.

MENINGITIS IN MAN CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE VIRUS : II. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ETIOLOGICAL AGENT.

Evidence was presented substantiating the idea that our active agent is a virus. The reactions produced in laboratory animals by the active agent were described, and a comparison of it with other viruses was made. The results of experiments indicating the immunological identity of our virus, Armstrong and Lillie's virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, and Traub's virus were given in detail.

MENINGITIS IN MAN CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE VIRUS : I. TWO CASES AND THE METHOD OF OBTAINING A VIRUS FROM THEIR SPINAL FLUIDS.

The clinical pictures presented by two men suffering from an acute bacteria-free lymphocytic meningitis, and the method of obtaining a virus from their spinal fluids were described. Evidence was then adduced to show that the virus was really in the spinal fluids, that the strains of virus obtained from the two patients were identical or closely related, and that the active agent in the spinal fluids was etiologically significant.

THE REDUCING GROUPS OF PROTEINS.

1. Intact, unhydrolyzed proteins possess in addition to SH groups other reducing groups which can be oxidized by ferricyanide. 2.

SULFHYDRYL AND DISULFIDE GROUPS OF PROTEINS : III. SULFHYDRYL GROUPS OF NATIVE PROTEINS-HEMOGLOBIN AND THE PROTEINS OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS.

Hemoglobin and the proteins of the crystalline lens contain active SH groups while in the native state, the number of active groups increasing as the pH rises. All the SH groups of denatured globin and of the denatured lens proteins are active at a pH so low that practically none of the SH groups of native hemoglobin and of native lens protein are active. The effect of denaturation on the SH groups of a protein is to extend towards the acid side the pH range of their activity.