Ethnic and racial differences in children and young people with respiratory and neurological post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: an electronic health record-based cohort study from the RECOVER Initiative.

Background: Children from racial and ethnic minority groups are at greater risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but it is unclear whether they have increased risk for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Our objectives were to assess whether the risk of respiratory and neurologic PASC differs by race/ethnicity and social drivers of health.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals <21 years seeking care at 24 health systems across the U.

Outcomes and complications of vertebral body tethering by patient gender.

Purpose: Non-fusion surgical options for pediatric scoliosis management such as vertebral body tethering (VBT) offer an alternative to spinal fusion. With this study, we aim to evaluate the postoperative outcomes in boys versus girls who have undergone VBT. Our hypothesis is that girls and boys will have similar outcomes by 2-year follow-up.

Genomics-informed neuropsychiatric care for neurodevelopmental disorders: Results from a multidisciplinary clinic.

Purpose: Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have high rates of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Genomic medicine may help guide care because pathogenic variants are identified in up to 50% of patients with NDDs. We evaluate the impact of a genomics-informed, multidisciplinary, neuropsychiatric specialty clinic on the diagnosis and management of patients with NDDs.

The human milk oligosaccharide 3'sialyllactose reduces low-grade inflammation and atherosclerosis development in mice.

Macrophages contribute to the induction and resolution of inflammation and play a central role in chronic low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex unconjugated glycans unique to human milk that benefit infant health and act as innate immune modulators. Here, we identify the HMO 3'sialyllactose (3'SL) as a natural inhibitor of TLR4-induced low-grade inflammation in macrophages and endothelium.

Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Single-dose or Multiple-dose Cefiderocol in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients Three Months to Less Than Eighteen Years Old With Infections Treated With Standard-of-care Antibiotics in the PEDI-CEFI Phase 2 Study.

Background: Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are increasing globally in neonates, infants and children; antibiotic options are limited.

Methods: This international, multicenter, open-label phase 2 study, investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single-dose and multiple-dose cefiderocol [as a 3-hour infusion (every 8 hours) dosed at 2000 mg for body weight ≥34 kg and at 60 mg/kg for body weight <34 kg], over a range of renal function, in hospitalized pediatric patients with aerobic Gram-negative bacterial infection; multiple-dose patients required standard-of-care systemic antibiotics for 5-14 days. Four cohorts of pediatric patients were enrolled (cohort 1: 12 to <18 years, cohort 2: 6 to <12 years, cohort 3: 2 to <6 years and cohort 4: 3 months to <2 years).

Ethnic/racial and sex disparities in obstructive sleep apnea among adolescents in southern California.

Study Objectives: Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common; however, inclusion of adolescents and especially those of ethnic/racial minorities in research is scarce. We hypothesized that ethnic/racial minority adolescents undergoing polysomnography have higher prevalence and more severe OSA compared to those who are non-Hispanic (NH) White.

Methods: Retrospective review of 1,745 adolescents undergoing diagnostic polysomnography.

Advances in Child Psychiatry Education and Training.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of child and adolescent psychiatry, including historical background and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses recent advances in theoretical frameworks related to physician burnout, prevention, access to care, diversity, equity, and inclusion, and trauma-informed care. The authors conclude by emphasizing the importance of education and training in improving the lives of youth and families and encourage their colleagues to push the boundaries of education and training for a better today and brighter tomorrow, while honoring and doing justice to those they serve.

Alternating rabacfosadine and doxorubicin for treatment of naïve canine lymphoma.

The current standard of care treatment for canine lymphoma is a multi-agent, CHOP-based chemotherapy protocol. Single agent doxorubicin (DOX) is less burdensome; however, multi-agent chemotherapy protocols are often superior. The recently approved drug rabacfosadine (RAB, Tanovea) provides an attractive option for combination therapy with DOX, as both drugs demonstrate efficacy against lymphoma and possess different mechanisms of action.

A survey of practice in the anesthetic management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis spine fusion by the North American Pediatric Spine Anesthesiologists Collaborative.

Background: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) affects 2%-4% of the general pediatric population. While surgical correction remains one of the most common orthopedic procedures performed in pediatrics, limited consensus exists on the perioperative anesthetic management.

Aims: To examine the current state of anesthetic management of typical AIS spine fusions at institutions which have a dedicated pediatric orthopedic spine surgeon.

Immune-mediated polyarthritis and anterior uveitis secondary to zonisamide administration in a dog with refractory epilepsy.

The objective of this article is to describe a case of suspected zonisamide-induced immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) and anterior uveitis in a dog. A 7-year-old male neutered Siberian Husky with a history of refractory idiopathic epilepsy was presented for cluster seizures. Following the addition of zonisamide to the antiepileptic regime, the dog developed new IMPA and anterior uveitis.

Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Therapeutic Hypothermia and Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: To investigate racial inequities in the use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Study Design: We queried an administrative birth cohort of mother-baby pairs in California from 2010 through 2019 using International Classification of Diseases codes to evaluate the association between race and ethnicity and the application of TH in infants with HIE. We identified 4779 infants with HIE.

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Linked to Streptococcal Infections.

Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) is a clinical condition with abrupt onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and/or severe eating restrictions and at least two concomitant cognitive, behavioral, or neurological symptoms. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a subtype of PANS with a controversial diagnosis. A case of a 12-year-old girl with severe eating restriction, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, and neurological symptoms who initially was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder is presented.

Clinical use of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary tract obstructions in cats and dogs: 11 cases (2012-2022).

Objective: To describe the application of uncovered balloon-expandable metallic biliary stents for treatment of extrahepatic biliary obstructions (EHBOs) and the outcomes for dogs and cats treated for EHBO with this technique.

Study Design: Retrospective single institutional study.

Animals: Eight dogs and three cats treated at the Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego for EHBO between January 2012 and February 2022.

Subgroup analysis of phase 2 study of ceftolozane/tazobactam in neonates and young infants with pyelonephritis.

Ceftolozane/tazobactam is approved for the treatment of patients from birth to <18 y old with complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI). This post hoc analysis evaluated the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ceftolozane/tazobactam compared with meropenem in neonates and young infants. NCT03230838 was a phase 2, randomized, active comparator-controlled, double-blind study of patients from birth to <18 y of age with cUTI, including pyelonephritis, given ceftolozane/tazobactam or meropenem in a 3:1 ratio.

The role of enhancers in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

Regulatory elements, particularly enhancers, play a crucial role in disease susceptibility and progression. Enhancers are DNA sequences that activate gene expression and can be affected by epigenetic modifications, interactions with transcription factors (TFs) or changes to the enhancer DNA sequence itself. Altered enhancer activity impacts gene expression and contributes to disease.

Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam in Children with Confirmed or Suspected Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: A Phase 1b, Open-Label, Single-Dose Clinical Trial.

Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam is approved for the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections in adults. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of a single dose of imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (with a fixed 2:1 ratio of imipenem/cilastatin to relebactam, and with a maximum dose of 15 mg/kg imipenem and 15 mg/kg cilastatin [≤500 mg imipenem and ≤500 mg cilastatin] and 7.5 mg/kg relebactam [≤250 mg relebactam]) in children with confirmed/suspected gram-negative bacterial infections receiving standard-of-care antibacterial therapy.

Development of a novel humanized mouse model to study bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Rationale: The role of circulating fetal monocytes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not known. We utilized a humanized mouse model that supports human progenitor cell engraftment (MISTRG) to test the hypothesis that prenatal monocyte programming alters early lung development and response to hyperoxia.

Methods: Cord blood-derived monocytes from 10 human infants were adoptively transferred into newborn MISTRG mice at p0 (1 × 10 cells/mouse, intrahepatic injection) followed by normoxia versus hyperoxia (85% oxygen × 14 days).

Leveraging the placenta to advance neonatal care.

The impact of placental dysfunction and placental injury on the fetus and newborn infant has become a topic of growing interest in neonatal disease research. However, the use of placental pathology in directing or influencing neonatal clinical management continues to be limited for a wide range of reasons, some of which are historical and thus easily overcome today. In this review, we summarize the most recent literature linking placental function to neonatal outcomes, focusing on clinical placental pathology findings and the most common neonatal diagnoses that have been associated with placental dysfunction.