Multiomics plasma effects of switching from triple antiretroviral regimens to dolutegravir plus lamivudine.

Introduction: The DOLAM trial revealed that switching from triple antiretroviral therapy (three-drug regimen; 3DR) to dolutegravir plus lamivudine (two-drug regimen; 2DR) was virologically non-inferior to continuing 3DR after 48 weeks of follow-up. Weight increased with 2DR relative to 3DR but it did not impact on metabolic parameters.

Methods: Multiomics plasma profile was performed to gain further insight into whether this therapy switch might affect specific biological pathways.

Applicability of an unsupervised cluster model developed on first wave COVID-19 patients in second/third wave critically ill patients.

Objective: To validate the unsupervised cluster model (USCM) developed during the first pandemic wave in a cohort of critically ill patients from the second and third pandemic waves.

Design: Observational, retrospective, multicentre study.

Setting: Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

Non-pharmacological interventions to reduce physical restraints in critical care units.

Physical restraint use in critical care units is a frequent low-value care practice influenced by numerous factors creating a local culture. The translation of evidence-based recommendations into clinical practice is scarce so, the analysis of interventions to de-adopt this practice is needed. This update aims to describe and identify nonpharmacological interventions that contribute to minimising the use of physical restraints in adult critically ill patients.

Transmembrane domain-driven PD-1 dimers mediate T cell inhibition.

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a potent immune checkpoint receptor on T lymphocytes. Upon engagement by its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, PD-1 inhibits T cell activation and can promote immune tolerance. Antagonism of PD-1 signaling has proven effective in cancer immunotherapy, and conversely, agonists of the receptor may have a role in treating autoimmune disease.

Safety and efficacy of favipiravir in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (FAVID).

Purpose: To design a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19 disease with pneumonia.

Methods: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia was conducted in three Spanish sites. Randomization 1:1 to favipiravir or placebo (in both groups added to the Standard of Care) was performed to treat the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Major cardiovascular events after COVID-19 in people with HIV.

Objectives: To assess the effect of COVID-19 on the postacute risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs) among people with HIV (PWH).

Methods: Population-based matched cohort, including all PWH ≥16 years in the Catalan PISCIS HIV cohort. We estimated the incidence rate of the first CVE after COVID-19, analysed it a composite outcome (2020-2022).

Assessing the impact of real-time random safety audits through full propensity score matching on reliable data from the clinical information system.

Background: Evidence-based care processes are not always applied at the bedside in critically ill patients. Numerous studies have assessed the impact of checklists and related strategies on the process of care and patient outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the effects of real-time random safety audits on process-of-care and outcome variables in critical care patients.

Validity of the Espiro Mobile Application in the Interpretation of Spirometric Patterns: An App Accuracy Study.

Spirometry is a pulmonary function test where correct interpretation of the results is crucial for accurate diagnosis of disease. There are online tools to assist in the interpretation of spirometry results; however, as yet none are validated. We evaluated the interpretation accuracy of the Espiro app using pulmonologist interpretations as the gold standard.

Clinical and Microbiological Impact of Implementing a Decision Support Algorithm through Microbiologic Rapid Diagnosis in Critically Ill Patients: An Epidemiological Retrospective Pre-/Post-Intervention Study.

Background: Data on the benefits of rapid microbiological testing on antimicrobial consumption (AC) and antimicrobial resistance patterns (ARPs) are scarce. We evaluated the impact of a protocol based on rapid techniques on AC and ARP in intensive care (ICU) patients.

Methods: A retrospective pre- (2018) and post-intervention (2019-2021) study was conducted in ICU patients.

A Multicentric Observational Study to Determine Myocardial Injury in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (sCAP).

Severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) is the most frequent admission for acute respiratory failure in intensive care medicine. Observational studies have found a correlation between patients who were admitted with CAP and the development of cardiovascular events. The risk of acute myocardial damage in patients with CAP is particularly high within the first 30 days of hospitalization.

Transmitted drug resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Spain during the period 2019-2021.

To evaluate the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) in Spain during the period 2019-2021, as well as to evaluate transmitted clinically relevant resistance (TCRR) to antiretroviral drugs. Reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (Pro), and Integrase (IN) sequences from 1824 PLWH (people living with HIV) were studied. To evaluate TDR we investigated the prevalence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRM).

Role of dexamethasone in controlling the proinflammatory cytokine cascade in the first episode of paediatric acute pyelonephritis.

Aim: Febrile urinary tract infection is a common bacterial infection in childhood. The kidney damage after acute pyelonephritis (APN) could be related to the stimulation of the proinflammatory response. We aimed to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines and the effect of dexamethasone after a first episode of APN.

Hydroxytyrosol Induces Dyslipidemia in an ApoB100 Humanized Mouse Model.

Scope: Extra virgin olive oil has numerous cardiopreventive effects, largely due to its high content of (poly)phenols such as hydroxytyrosol (HT). However, some animal studies suggest that its excessive consumption may alter systemic lipoprotein metabolism. Because human lipoprotein metabolism differs from that of rodents, this study examines the effects of HT in a humanized mouse model that approximates human lipoprotein metabolism.

Platelet-associated biomarkers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Insights from a female cohort with obesity.

Background: There is a lack of noninvasive diagnostic methods for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the severe condition of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Platelet activation, evaluated through certain related parameters, is associated with liver disease and inflammation, but previous results are inconclusive.

Aim: To investigate the potential utility of platelet-related indices as noninvasive diagnostic markers for the detection and prediction of MASLD, focusing on NASH.

Association of obesity on the outcome of critically ill patients affected by COVID-19.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of obesity on ICU mortality.

Design: Observational, retrospective, multicentre study.

Setting: Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

Protocol for the in vitro isolation and culture of mature adipocytes and white adipose tissue explants from humans and mice.

White adipose tissue (WAT) explants culture allows the study of this tissue ex vivo, maintaining its structure and properties. Concurrently, isolating mature adipocytes facilitates research into fat cell metabolism and hormonal regulation. Here, we present a protocol for obtaining, isolating, and processing mature adipocytes, alongside the cultivation of WAT explants from humans and mice.

Clinical effectiveness of routine first-trimester combined screening for pre-eclampsia in Spain with the addition of placental growth factor.

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia affects 2%-8% of pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. First-trimester screening using an algorithm that combines maternal characteristics, mean arterial blood pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index and biomarkers (pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and placental growth factor) is the method that achieves a greater diagnostic accuracy. It has been shown that daily salicylic acid administration before 16 weeks in women at a high risk for pre-eclampsia can reduce the incidence of preterm pre-eclampsia.

Mitochondrial dysfunction, lipids metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis are key pathways for COVID-19 recovery.

The metabolic alterations caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection reflect disease progression. To analyze molecules involved in these metabolic changes, a multiomics study was performed using plasma from 103 patients with different degrees of COVID-19 severity during the evolution of the infection. With the increased severity of COVID-19, changes in circulating proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles increased.

Long-term survival after cardiac arrest in patients undergoing emergent coronary angiography.

Aim: To determine long-term survival of patients after cardiac arrest undergoing emergent coronary angiography and therapeutic hypothermia.

Methods: We analysed data from patients treated within the regional STEMI Network from January 2015 to December 2020. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at median follow-up.

Cloxacillin plus fosfomycin versus cloxacillin alone for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a randomized trial.

Treatment failure occurs in about 25% of patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. We assessed whether cloxacillin plus fosfomycin achieves better treatment success than cloxacillin alone in hospitalized adults with MSSA bacteremia. We conducted a multicenter, open-label, phase III-IV superiority randomized clinical trial.

Multi-omics in HIV: searching insights to understand immunological non-response in PLHIV.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) induces persistent suppression of HIV-1 replication and gradual recovery of T-cell counts, and consequently, morbidity and mortality from HIV-related illnesses have been significantly reduced. However, in approximately 30% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART, CD4 T-cell counts fail to normalize despite ART and complete suppression of HIV viral load, resulting in severe immune dysfunction, which may represent an increased risk of clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events as well as increased mortality. These patients are referred to as "immune inadequate responders", "immunodiscordant responders" or "immune nonresponders (INR)".

Management of Mechanical Nasal Obstruction Isolated or Associated to Upper Airway Inflammatory Diseases in Real Life: Use of both Subjective and Objective Criteria.

Purpose Of Review: Mechanical nasal obstruction (MNO) is a prevalent condition with a high impact on patient's quality-of-life (QoL) and socio-economic burden. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of both subjective and objective criteria in the appropriate management of MNO, either alone or associated to upper airway inflammatory diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR) or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

Recent Findings: A long debate persists about the usefulness of subjective and objective methods for making decisions on the management of patients with nasal obstruction.

Mid-trimester uterine artery Doppler for aspirin discontinuation in pregnancies at high risk for preterm pre-eclampsia: Post-hoc analysis of StopPRE trial.

Objective: To assess whether aspirin treatment can be discontinued in pregnancies with normal uterine artery pulsatility index (≤90th percentile) at 24-28 weeks.

Design: Post-hoc analysis of a clinical trial.

Setting: Nine maternity hospitals in Spain.

A metagenome-wide association study of HIV disease progression in HIV controllers.

Some HIV controllers experience immunologic progression with CD4 T cell decline. We aimed to identify genetic factors associated with CD4 T cell lost in HIV controllers A total of 561 HIV controllers were included, 442 and 119 from the International HIV controllers Study Cohort and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, respectively. No SNP or gene was associated with the long-term non-progressor HIV spontaneous control phenotype in the individual GWAS or in the meta-analysis.