Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome: case report of a young woman treated with pentoxifylline.

Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome (PMS) is a rare osteolytic disorder of unknown etiology that typically affects children up to 15 years old during colder months. Transient peripheral circulatory impairment probably underlines its pathogenesis. Conservative treatment with eviction of cold exposure is often successful.

A systematic review of prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers/injuries in hospital emergency services.

Aim: To develop a systematic review on the prevalence and the incidence of pressure ulcers/injuries in adult patients in hospital emergency services.

Materials And Methods: Systematic review of prevalence and incidence studies developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items Form Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. The inclusion criteria were based on the CoCoPop mnemonic.

Dysfunction of norepinephrine and its metabolites in Alzheimer's dementia - A review with meta-analysis.

Some studies point locus coeruleus cell loss, the central nervous system main source of norepinephrine, to be one of the earliest neuropathological events of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are conflicting reports regarding the level of norepinephrine and its metabolites (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) and 3,4 -dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL)) in AD patients. Uncover these alterations may be a key factor for understanding cognitive deficits and AD pathology.

Primary systemic vasculitides as the bridge in immune-mediated disorders: small vessels for autoimmunity, medium vessels for autoinflammation.

Vasculitides have been classically considered to be mostly of autoimmune origin, but the role of the innate immune system is being increasingly recognized among primary systemic vasculitides. For example, Behçet's syndrome (BS) shares more common features with autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs) than autoimmune diseases (ADs) and has recently been considered to be a polygenic AID by several authors, while others have classified it as a "mixed-pattern" disorder. This review aims to make a balance between autoinflammatory and autoimmune features of primary systemic vasculitides, including sex prevalence, association and/or familial aggregation with others AIDs or ADs, with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system and/or disease-specific autoantibodies, type of cellular infiltration (neutrophilic or lymphocytic), clinical pattern (episodic or progressive), size of involved joints when articular involvement occurs, presence of lymphadenopathy or hypergammaglobulinemia, and therapeutic benefit of colchicine, IL-1 inhibitors and rituximab.

Adult-onset systemic autoinflammatory disorders: a clinical approach.

Autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs) are a subgroup of immune-mediated syndromes that result from a primary dysfunction of the innate immune system. AIDs can be either monogenic or polygenic diseases. Unlike organspecific AIDs, systemic AIDs are characterized by fever and/or elevation of acute-phase reactants.

IgG4-related disease: How to place it in the spectrum of immune-mediated and rheumatologic disorders?

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated fibroinflammatory disorder that results from massive expansion of polyclonal IgG4-switched B and/or plasma cells. It can virtually affect all organs and its diagnosis relies on clinical, serological and histopathological criteria. The role of autoimmunity and adaptive immune system in IgG4-RD is reflected in plasmablast differentiation, germinal center formation and IgG4 production induced by CD4+ cells expressing CD40 ligand.

New insights in cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.

Cryoglobulins are antibodies that precipitate at low temperatures and dissolve after rewarming. Cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence of circulating cryoglobulins and generally leads to a systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by fatigue, arthralgia, purpura, ulcers, neuropathy and/or glomerulonephritis. The disease mainly involves small to medium-sized blood vessels and causes vasculitis due to cryoglobulin-containing immune complexes.

Mosaicplasty Technique in the Treatment of Isolated Knee Femoral Condyle Osteochondral Lesions - a Retrospective Study.

 Focal osteochondral lesions of the knee are found in two thirds of patients undergoing arthroscopy; their treatment, when isolated and especially in young individuals, remains a debating topic. The present study analyzes the results obtained by the application of the mosaicplasty technique on the treatment of isolated knee femoral condyle osteochondral lesions.  Retrospective study of patients submitted to mosaicplasty and to subjective analyses with pre- and postsurgery International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores.