Chemotherapy in pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGG).

Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGG) are commonly treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recent trends prioritize reducing long-term morbidities, particularly in younger patients. While historically chemotherapy was reserved for cases progressing after radiotherapy, evolving recommendations now advocate for its early use, particularly in younger age groups.

Combined adipose mesenchymal stromal cell advanced therapy resolved a recalcitrant leg ulcer in an 85-year-old patient.

Venous leg ulcers (VLU) represent an uphill economic, health and social burden, aggravated in the elderly. Best-practice care interventions are often insufficient and alternative therapies need to be explored. Herein, we have treated for the first time a chronic VLU in an elderly patient by combining cell therapy and tissue engineering in the context of a compassionate use.

Blocking of Estradiol Receptors ERα, ERβ and GPER During Development, Differentially Alters Energy Metabolism in Male and Female Rats.

Estradiol not only participates in the regulation of energy metabolism in adulthood, but also during the first stages of life as it modulates the alterations induced by under- and over-nutrition. The objectives of the present study were to determine: 1) If estradiol is involved in the normal programming of energy metabolism in rats; 2) If there is a specific window of time for this programming and 3) If males and females are differentially vulnerable to the action of this hormone. Estrogen receptors (ER) α, ERβ and GPER were blocked by their specific antagonists MPP, PHTPP and G15, respectively, from postnatal day (P) 1 (the day of birth) to P5 or from P5 to P13.

Long-term pulmonary outcomes and mortality in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies associated with interstitial lung disease.

Objective: To study prognostic factors in different types of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Patients And Methods: Multicenter retrospective study of a Spanish cohort of patients diagnosed with IIM. Patients were classified into four categories: polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), antisynthetase syndrome (ASS), and overlap myositis (OM).

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on children with atopic dermatitis: an observational prospective study.

The objective of this observational single-cohort prospective study was to assess the effect of synbiotic supplementation for 8 weeks in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). The synbiotic product contained Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and biotin. Patients were examined at baseline and at 8 weeks.

Differential vulnerability to adverse nutritional conditions in male and female rats: Modulatory role of estradiol during development.

Many studies have shown the importance of an adequate nutritional environment during development to optimally establish the neurohormonal circuits that regulate feeding behavior. Under- or over-nutrition during early stages of life can lead to alterations in the physiology and brain networks that control food intake, resulting in a greater vulnerability to suffer maladjustments in energy metabolism in adulthood. These alterations produced by under- or over-nourishment during development differ between males and females, as does the modulatory action that estradiol exerts on the alterations produced by malnutrition.

Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in children.

Methods: Children younger than 15years of age attending 27 hospitals in the Region of Madrid with confirmed pneumococcal meningitis were identified in a prospective surveillance study, from 2007 to 2015. Clinical data, neurological sequelae, pneumococcal vaccination status, serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility were recorded.

Physiological and brain alterations produced by high-fat diet in male and female rats can be modulated by increased levels of estradiol during critical periods of development.

Background: Overnutrition due to a high-fat diet (HFD) can increase the vulnerability of the metabolic system to maladjustments. Estradiol has an inhibitory role on food intake and this hormone has demonstrated to be a crucial organizer during brain development.

Objective: Our aim was to determine whether increased levels of estradiol in the early postnatal period modulate the alterations in metabolism and brain metabolic circuits produced by overnutrition.

Improvement in glycemia after glucose or insulin overload in leptin-infused rats is associated with insulin-related activation of hepatic glucose metabolism.

Background: Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis through direct effects on the liver, among other organs, with leptin modulating insulin's hepatic actions. Since central leptin may modify insulin signaling in the liver, we hypothesized that leptin infusion activates hepatic glycogen synthesis following peripheral administration of a bolus of glucose or insulin, thus regulating glycemia.

Findings: Oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed in control, intracerebroventricular leptin-treated and pair-fed rats during 14 days.

Facial affect recognition in early and late-stage schizophrenia patients.

Prior studies have shown deficits in social cognition and emotion perception in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and multi-episode schizophrenia (MES) patients. These studies compared patients at different stages of the illness with only a single control group which differed in age from at least one clinical group. The present study provides new evidence of a differential pattern of deficit in facial affect recognition in FEP and MES patients using a double age-matched control design.

[New methodological advances: algorithm proposal for management of Clostridium difficile infection].

Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is considered the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea and also is an etiologic agent of community diarrhea. The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefit of a test that detects glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen and C. difficile toxin A/B, simultaneously, followed by detection of C.

[Salmonella enterica with nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype in pediatric patients].

Introduction: Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Salmonella spp. may lead to treatment failures. The use of ciprofloxacin for extraintestinal and serious intestinal Salmonella infections in children is controversial and therefore the clinical relevance of these strains is not significant.

Immunological cross-reactivity between olive and grass pollen: implication of major and minor allergens.

Background: Grasses and olive trees are the most common sources of allergenic pollen worldwide. Although they share some allergens, there are few studies analyzing the in vitro cross-reactivity between them. The aim was to define the cross-reactivity between Olea europaea and Phleum pratense using well-characterized sera of allergic children from Madrid, Spain.

[Autism, epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex: a functional model linked to mTOR pathway].

Introduction: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder that results from mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes and is associated with hamartoma formation in multiple organ systems. Brain disorders are the origin of more frequent and severe problems and include infantile spasms, intractable epilepsy, brain tumors, cognitive disabilities, and autism. TSC1 or TSC2 encoded proteins modulate cell function via the mTOR signaling cascade and serve as keystones in regulating cell growth and proliferation.

[Video electroencephalographic diagnosis of epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal episodes in infants and children at the pre-school age].

The main usefulness of video electroencephalographic (video-EEG) monitoring lies in the fact that it allows proper classification of the type of epileptic seizure and epileptic syndrome, identification of minor seizures, location of the epileptogenic zone and differentiation between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (NEPM). In infants and pre-school age children, the clinical signs with which epileptic seizures are expressed differ to those of older children, seizures with bilateral motor signs such as epileptic spasms, tonic and myoclonic seizures predominate, and seizures with interruption of activity or hypomotor seizures, and no prominent automatisms are observed. In children with focal epilepsies, focal and generalised signs are often superposed, both clinically and in the EEG.

[Therapeutic update in tuberous sclerosis complex: the role of mTOR pathway inhibitors].

Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant disease, with variable expressivity and multisystemic involvement, which is characterised by the growth of benign tumours called hamartomas. The organs that are most commonly affected are the brain, skin, kidneys, eyes, heart and lungs. Of all the children with this disease, 85% present neurological manifestations that, due to their severity, are the main cause of morbidity and mortality.

Differential insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1)-related modulation of neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin expression in nondiabetic and diabetic IRS2-/- mice.

Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes correlate with impaired leptin and insulin signaling. Insulin receptor substrate-2 deficient (IRS2(-/-)) mice are an accepted model for the exploration of alterations in these signaling pathways and their relationship with diabetes; however, disturbances in hypothalamic signaling and the effect on neuropeptides controlling food intake remain unclear. Our aim was to analyze how leptin and insulin signaling may differentially affect the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides regulating food intake and hypothalamic inflammation in diabetic (D) and nondiabetic (ND) IRS2(-/-) mice.

Phenytoin-induced visual disturbances mimicking Delirium Tremens in a child.

Delirium Tremens is quite rare in children and it is usually caused by withdrawal or abstinence from alcohol, barbiturates and other major tranquilizers. The usual symptoms of Delirium Tremens include severe altered mental status with confusion, delusions, hallucinations, and severe agitation. Although psychosis is a recognized manifestation of Phenytoin toxicity, visual hallucinations are not.

Regional fat distribution in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: effect of duration of malnutrition and weight recovery.

Objective: This study addresses the influence of the duration of malnutrition and the effect of weight recovery on regional fat mass distribution in moderately malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Study Design: We measured total and regional fat mass and leptin levels in 42 restrictive AN female adolescents and 23 controls. AN patients, followed over 2 years, were divided into three groups: prolonged moderate malnutrition (PM; secondary amenorrhea for over 1 year, n = 14); SM, short period of moderate malnutrition (secondary amenorrhea for less than 1 year, n = 13); and R, recovered from AN (BMI, body mass index and menses recovered for over 6 months, n = 15).

Normative data for adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and leptin/receptor ratio in a healthy Spanish pediatric population: relationship with sex steroids.

Objectives: To investigate the circulating levels of adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and leptin/receptor ratio in healthy Spanish children throughout the different stages of pubertal development. To analyze the relationship between adipokines and sex steroid level changes during puberty.

Study Design: Serum adiponectin, resistin, IL-6 levels, and leptin/receptor ratio were studied in 160 healthy Spanish children grouped according to their pubertal stage (Tanner I, 23 girls and 22 boys; Tanner II, 19 girls and 16 boys; Tanners III and IV, 21 girls and 20 boys; and Tanner V, 20 girls and 19 boys).

17Beta-estradiol protects depletion of rat temporal cortex somatostatinergic system by beta-amyloid.

Estradiol prevents amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-induced cell death through estrogen receptors (ERs) and modulates somatostatin (SRIF) responsiveness in the rat brain. As intracerebroventricular (ICV) Abeta25-35 administration reduces SRIFergic tone in the temporal cortex of ovariectomized (Ovx) rats, we asked whether 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment can restore the Abeta25-35 induced changes in SRIF content, SRIF receptor density and adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, as well as if these effects are mediated by ERs. E2 treatment did not change Abeta25-35 levels in the temporal cortex, but partially restored the SRIFergic parameters affected by Abeta insult and decreased cell death, which was correlated with Akt activation.