Caesarean sections, prenatal and postnatal conditions and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A case-control study in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Introduction: Brazil has high rates of caesarean sections, which has been suggested as a risk factor for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In addition, some pre- and postnatal conditions have been identified as relevant in the etiology of ALL.

Objectives: Investigate the association of caesarean sections, pre- and postnatal conditions with childhood ALL in the State of São Paulo.

Caudal epidural anesthesia: an anesthetic technique exclusive for pediatric use? Is it possible to use it in adults? What is the role of the ultrasound in this context?

Background And Objectives: Caudal epidural anesthesia is the most popular regional anesthesia technique used in children. With advanced age, only the relative difficulty in localizing the sacral hiatus limits its use. However, in adults this technique has been widely used to control chronic pain by adjuvant use of fluoroscopy.