Glutaminolysis and lipoproteins are key factors in late immune recovery in successfully treated HIV-infected patients.

The immunological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms associated with poor immune recovery are far from known, and metabolomic profiling offers additional value to traditional soluble markers. Here, we present novel and relevant data that could contribute to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms preceding a discordant response and HIV progression under suppressive combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Integrated data from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based lipoprotein profiles, mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics and soluble plasma biomarkers help to build prognostic and immunological progression tools that enable the differentiation of HIV-infected subjects based on their immune recovery status after 96 weeks of suppressive cART.

rs2228570 Polymorphism Is Related to Non-Progression to AIDS in Antiretroviral Therapy Naïve HIV-Infected Patients.

Background: Vitamin D is a fundamental regulator of host defenses by activating genes related to innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we analyzed the association among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the () gene, with clinical patterns of AIDS progression in antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-infected patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in 667 HIV-infected patients, who were classified within three groups according to their AIDS progression pattern (183 long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), 334 moderate progressors (MPs), and 150 rapid progressors (RPs)).

Molecular epidemiology of an enterovirus A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological disease, Spain, 2016.

IntroductionEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an emerging pathogen that causes a wide range of disorders including severe neurological manifestations. In the past 20 years, this virus has been associated with large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region, while in Europe mainly sporadic cases have been reported. In spring 2016, however, an EV-A71 outbreak associated with severe neurological cases was reported in Catalonia and spread further to other Spanish regions.

Clinicoepidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis in migrants and travellers of the +Redivi network.

Background: Continuous growth of mobile populations has influenced the global epidemiology of infectious diseases, including chronic and acute viral hepatitis.

Method: A prospective observational multicentre study was performed in a Spanish network of imported infections. Viral hepatitis cases from January 2009 to September 2017 were included.

Implementation of massive sequencing in the genetic diagnosis of hereditary cancer syndromes: diagnostic performance in the Hereditary Cancer Programme of the Valencia Community (FamCan-NGS).

Background: Approximately 5 to 10% of all cancers are caused by inherited germline mutations, many of which are associated with different Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (HCS). In the context of the Program of Hereditary Cancer of the Valencia Community, individuals belonging to specific HCS and their families receive genetic counselling and genetic testing according to internationally established guidelines. The current diagnostic approach is based on sequencing a few high-risk genes related to each HCS; however, this method is time-consuming, expensive and does not achieve a confirmatory genetic diagnosis in many cases.

Correction to: Predictive and prognostic clinical and pathological factors of nivolumab efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

Clinical and Translational Oncology.

Circulating metabolomic profile can predict dyslipidemia in HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

Background And Aims: Dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients is unique and pathophysiologically associated with host factors, HIV itself and the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) provides additional data to conventional lipid measurements concerning the number of lipoprotein subclasses and particle sizes.

Methods: To investigate the ability of lipoprotein profile, we used a circulating metabolomic approach in a cohort of 103 ART-naive HIV-infected patients, who were initiating non-nucleoside analogue transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART, and we subsequently followed up these patients for 36 months.

High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia is associated with HIV-1 RNA rectal shedding in virologically suppressed MSM.

Objective: The protective effect of ART has not yet been definitively established in MSM. We aimed to characterize the factors associated with persistent HIV-1 RNA rectal shedding.

Methods: Prospective study including virologically suppressed MSM from an HIV cohort.

URAT1 and GLUT9 mutations in Spanish patients with renal hypouricemia.

Background: Renal hypouricemia (RHUC), a rare inherited disorder characterized by impaired uric acid (UA) reabsorption in the proximal tubule, is caused by mutations in SLC22A12 or SLC2A9. Most mutations have been identified in Japanese patients, and only a few have been detected in Europeans.

Methods: We report clinical, biochemical and genetics findings of fourteen Spanish patients, six Caucasians and eight of Roma ethnia, diagnosed with idiopathic RHUC.

Predictive and prognostic clinical and pathological factors of nivolumab efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

Background: Immunotherapy increases overall response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Prognostic and predictive factors are a high need.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective review of NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab was performed.

Telemedicine in Primary Care for Patients With Chronic Conditions: The ValCrònic Quasi-Experimental Study.

Background: The increase of chronic diseases prevalence has created the need to adapt care models and to provide greater home supervision.

Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of telemonitoring on patients with long-term conditions at high risk for rehospitalization or an emergency department visit, in terms of target disease control (diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Methods: We conducted a quasi-experimental study with a before-and-after analysis to assess the effectiveness of the ValCrònic program after 1 year of primary care monitoring.

Prediction of long-term outcomes of HIV-infected patients developing non-AIDS events using a multistate approach.

Objetives: Outcomes of people living with HIV (PLWH) developing non-AIDS events (NAEs) remain poorly defined. We aimed to classify NAEs according to severity, and to describe clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after NAE occurrence using data from CoRIS, a large Spanish HIV cohort from 2004 to 2013.

Design: Prospective multicenter cohort study.

Developments in early diagnosis and therapy of HIV infection in newborns.

Introduction: Infants who acquire HIV have an exceptionally high risk of morbidity and mortality if they do not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Areas Covered: This review aims to summarize the currently available evidence on ART in HIV-infected neonates. Data were obtained from literature searches from PubMed, abstracts from International Conferences (2000-2017), and authors' files

Expert Opinion: Current evidence favors early diagnosis and prompt ART of HIV infection in newborns.

Long-acting intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine in adults with HIV-1 infection (LATTE-2): 96-week results of a randomised, open-label, phase 2b, non-inferiority trial.

Background: Cabotegravir and rilpivirine are antiretroviral drugs in development as long-acting injectable formulations. The LATTE-2 study evaluated long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression through 96 weeks.

Methods: In this randomised, phase 2b, open-label study, treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 initially received oral cabotegravir 30 mg plus abacavir-lamivudine 600-300 mg once daily.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Irinotecan in Patients With Cancer.

Nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) is a liposomal formulation of irinotecan with a longer half-life (t ), higher plasma total irinotecan (tIRI), and lower SN-38 maximum concentration (C ) compared with nonliposomal irinotecan. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of nal-IRI was performed for tIRI and total SN-38 (tSN38) using patient samples from six studies. PK-safety association was evaluated for neutropenia and diarrhea in 353 patients.

Statins in HIV-Infected Patients: Potential Beneficial Effects and Clinical Use.

Patients living with HIV have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease that is considered to be the result of an interaction between traditional cardiovascular risk factors, particularly smoking and dyslipidemia, and persistent chronic inflammation and immune activation associated with HIV infection, along with side effects of antiretroviral therapy. In the general population, the administration of statins has been associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease-associated mortality, and these drugs are among the most common class of medication prescribed in high-income countries. The beneficial effect of statins extends beyond reducing cholesterol levels as they have been shown to have anti- inflammatory, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and vasodilatory effects, and to improve endothelial function.

Thymic Function Failure Is Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression.

Background: Thymic function has been mainly analyzed with surrogate peripheral markers affected by peripheral T-cell expansion, making it difficult to assess the role of thymic failure in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. The assay of signal-joint/DβJβ T-cell rearrangement excision circles (sj/β-TREC ratio) overcomes this limitation but has only been assayed in small cohorts. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of thymic function, measured by the sj/β-TREC ratio, on CD4 T-cell maintenance in prospective HIV cohorts that include patients with a wide age range and different immunological phenotypes.

Contribution of Oxidative Stress to Non-AIDS Events in HIV-Infected Patients.

Objective: Recognition of potentially modifiable mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS events (NAEs) might help improve outcomes of HIV-infected individuals. HIV infection has been associated with increased oxidative stress. We assessed the association between F2-isoprostanes and serious NAEs, and whether they improve the predictive performance of inflammation and coagulation biomarkers.

Effectiveness and safety of an abacavir/lamivudine + rilpivirine regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in naive patients.

Objectives: To describe the effectiveness and safety of an abacavir/lamivudine + rilpivirine regimen in naive HIV-1-infected patients, as there is a lack of data with this combination.

Methods: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre study in eight Spanish hospitals. All antiretroviral-naive patients ≥18 years old and starting abacavir/lamivudine + rilpivirine were included.

Advanced breast cancer clinical nursing curriculum: review and recommendations.

Purpose: The needs and concerns of patients with advanced breast cancer are changing at every phase of the care intervention. Management and coordination of hospital resources and services are also steadily evolving. The objective of the present expert report is to define a new oncology nursing role specialising in advanced breast cancer, to help guide patients throughout the whole healthcare itinerary.

Combined effect of sex and age in response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.

Background: Gender-specific data on the management of HIV infection are scarce. Further, an increase in the proportion of new HIV diagnoses in older persons has been observed. Using data from the CoRIS cohort, we compared immunovirological responses and survival in HIV-infected men and women who started their first combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) when aged < /≥50 years.

Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy.

Importance: A key factor in assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as a prevention strategy is the absolute risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex with suppressed HIV-1 RNA viral load for both anal and vaginal sex.

Objective: To evaluate the rate of within-couple HIV transmission (heterosexual and men who have sex with men [MSM]) during periods of sex without condoms and when the HIV-positive partner had HIV-1 RNA load less than 200 copies/mL.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The prospective, observational PARTNER (Partners of People on ART-A New Evaluation of the Risks) study was conducted at 75 clinical sites in 14 European countries and enrolled 1166 HIV serodifferent couples (HIV-positive partner taking suppressive ART) who reported condomless sex (September 2010 to May 2014).