Immunoglobulin genes undergo legitimate repair in human B cells not only after cis- but also frequent trans-class switch recombination.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes specifically recruit activation-induced deaminase (AID) for 'on-target' DNA deamination, initiating either variable (V) region somatic hypermutation, or double-strand break intermediates of class switch recombination (CSR). Such breaks overwhelmingly undergo legitimate intra-Ig repair rather than rare illegitimate and potentially oncogenic junctions outside of Ig loci. We show that in human B cells, legitimate synapsis and repair efficiently join Ig genes whether physically linked on one chromosome or located apart on both alleles.

Tumoral hypoxia in osteosarcoma in rats: preliminary study of blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI and 18F-misonidazole PET/CT with diffusion-weighted MRI correlation.

Objective: The prognostic implication of oxygen concentration as a factor in recurrence of solid tumors has been proved. Hypoxic osteosarcoma, imaged with (18)F-misonidazole PET/CT, is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor. The aim of our study was to determine the role of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI in an osteosarcoma rodent model by comparison of oxygenation levels in BOLD functional MRI and (18)F-misonidazole PET/CT and correlating the findings with those of diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI).

[Obliterating arterial disease of the legs in women].

The widespread use of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) enabled to reveal the high prevalence of lower extremities peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women, even higher than in men in several series. Nonetheless, the use of a same ABI threshold for men and women may overestimate the prevalence of subclinical PAD in women. Conversely, the clinical manifestations of PAD are more often atypical in women, with as a result, a delayed diagnosis and management.

Use of lipid rafting for the analysis of human basophil activation by flow cytometry.

Background: Human leukocyte activation induced by specific and non-specific stimuli is characterized by the formation of lipid rafts defined as lipid-ordered domains that are more tightly packed than the surrounding non-raft phase of the bilayer. These lipid rafts are formed in parallel with profound membrane reorganization.

Objectives: Analyse the rafting and non-rafting proteins present on the activated and resting basophil membrane and study their interest for the flow cytometric analysis of basophil activation.

Resynchronization with left ventricle lead placement through the foramen ovale.

Left ventricle (LV) lead placement in a coronary sinus branch for cardiac resynchronization therapy may fail because of anatomical variants, phrenic nerve stimulation, and/or lead instability. We report a case of successful resynchronization from a lead inserted from the left subclavian vein and positioned through a patent foramen ovale (PFO). In conclusion, endocardial LV lead insertion through a PFO enables effective resynchronization delivery without the risks associated with a thoracotomy or atrial transseptal puncture.

[Hereditary peripheral neuropathies].

Currently more than 30 genes are known to be responsible for genetically determined neuropathies. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequent of these hereditary neuropathies, with a prevalence of 4.7 to 36 per 100 000.

High metabolic level in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

An abnormally elevated level of resting energy expenditure (REE, measured by indirect calorimetry) has been reported in a subset of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). Hypermetabolism (measured REE/calculated REE (cREE)> or =1.1, or 110%) has also been observed in transgenic mice harbouring ALS-causing mutations in the SOD1 gene.

Resynchronization: what if the left ventricular lead cannot reach the lateral or posterolateral wall?

Background: The recommended left ventricular (LV) lead position for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is at the lateral or posterolateral wall. However, LV leads cannot always be implanted at this site. The objective of our study was to compare the clinical response to CRT when the LV lead could be implanted or not at the lateral or posterolateral wall.

Where are the left ventricular leads really implanted? A study of 90 consecutive patients.

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a recognized treatment for severe heart failure. The recommended left ventricular (LV) lead position is at the lateral or posterolateral wall. However, LV leads cannot always be implanted at the expected site.

[Radiation induced skin reactions].

Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatment modality of cancers. Skin secondary effects are well known. Cutaneous complications are described.

[Intra-articular fracture of the distal humerus: outcome after osteosynthesis in patients over 60].

Purpose Of The Study: This is a retrospective analysis of patients aged over 60 years treated in a single center for intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus. Outcomes were compared with published results for osteosynthesis and arthroplasty.

Material And Methods: The cohort included 34 patients (36 fractures) reviewed at mean 35 months.

[Imaging of the Alzheimer's disease: MRI and functional imaging].

The MRI is often the initial exploration proposed to a patient presenting a confusion of memory. This examination has for purpose first to eliminate surgical differential diagnoses, such as a chronic hydrocephalus of the adult. It can then help in the differential diagnosis between the various insane syndromes, like Alzheimer's disease.

Reverse remodeling with resynchronization in an asymptomatic patient with dilated hypokinetic cardiomyopathy.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a validated treatment for selected heart failure patients who remain highly symptomatic despite optimal drug treatment. Yet there is currently no indication for CRT in patients with few or no symptoms. We report a spectacular "reverse remodeling" effect after CRT in an asymptomatic patient with hypokinetic dilated myocardiopathy who needed pacing for atrio-ventricular conduction disorder.

Use of both CD63 up regulation and IgE down regulation for the flow cytometric analysis of allergen induced basophil activation. Definition of an activation index.

Objective And Design: The aim of this study was to compare the use of a late (CD63) and an early (IgE) marker of basophil activation in the flow cytometric diagnosis of beta-lactam induced allergic hypersensitivity reactions.

Subjects: Twelve patients who had had a clear cut betalactam induced immediate reaction and 16 controls were selected, as well as 11 patients who had had an immediate reaction to bee or wasp stings.

Methods: Leukocyte suspensions were incubated with allergen dilutions as well as 2 positive controls (anti-IgE and NFormyl- Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP)).

[Multinodular goitre with widespread vasculitis of thyroid arteries revealing temporal giant cell arteritis].

We describe a 62-year-old woman with slowly growing usual nodular goitre in whom diffuse giant cell arteritis (GCA) of the thyroid arteries was found upon thyroidectomy, revealing otherwise unsuspected biopsy-proven temporal arteritis. To our knowledge, this association had been previously reported in only three instances. In each case, GCA of the thyroid arteries appeared clinically silent, did not produce significant glandular dysfunction, and was uncovered thanks to a planned thyroidectomy for nodular goitre.

[Ewing sarcoma of the mesocolon].

This case-report studies the clinical, radiological, anatomopatholo-gical and therapeutic aspects of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNET). PNET are neoplasms with a similar histology to tumours in the Ewing family. Diagnosis requires histopathology, immunohistochemistry and cytogenetic studies.

[Contribution of sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the evaluation of infliximab efficacy in spondyloarthropathy (a prospective study of 34 patients)].

Thirty-four patients who met ESSG criteria for spondylarthropathy and were eligible for anti-TNFalpha treatment (infliximab) were enrolled in this open-label study lasting 14 weeks. The aims were to evaluate the progression of sacroiliitis by means of MRI, and to determine the positive predictive value of this exam for the treatment response. Patients underwent MRI of the sacroiliac region at baseline (W0), and also at 14 weeks if the baseline MRI showed sacroiliitis.