Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Monetary Delay Discounting: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.

Background: A growing number of studies have investigated delay discounting, a behavioral economic index of impulsivity, and its relevance to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but with mixed findings. The current meta-analysis synthesizes the literature on the relationship between monetary delay discounting and ADHD in studies using case-control designs. Specifically, the objectives were: 1) to characterize the aggregated differences in monetary delay discounting between individuals with ADHD (cases) and controls in studies using categorical case-control designs; 2) to examine potential differences based on sample age (<18 vs.

Syntax for calculation of discounting indices from the monetary choice questionnaire and probability discounting questionnaire.

The 27-item Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ; Kirby, Petry, & Bickel, 1999) and 30-item Probability Discounting Questionnaire (PDQ; Madden, Petry, & Johnson, 2009) are widely used, validated measures of preferences for immediate versus delayed rewards and guaranteed versus risky rewards, respectively. The MCQ measures delayed discounting by asking individuals to choose between rewards available immediately and larger rewards available after a delay. The PDQ measures probability discounting by asking individuals to choose between guaranteed rewards and a chance at winning larger rewards.

Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations.

Aims: To synthesize continuous associations between delayed reward discounting (DRD) and both addiction severity and quantity-frequency (QF); to examine moderators of these relationships; and to investigate publication bias.

Methods: Meta-analysis of published studies examining continuous associations between DRD and addictive behaviors. Published, peer-reviewed studies on addictive behaviors (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, opiates and gambling) were identified via PubMed, MEDLINE and PsycInfo.

The latent structure of impulsivity: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits.

Rationale: Impulsivity has been strongly linked to addictive behaviors, but can be operationalized in a number of ways that vary considerably in overlap, suggesting multidimensionality.

Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that the latent structure among multiple measures of impulsivity would reflect the following three broad categories: impulsive choice, reflecting discounting of delayed rewards; impulsive action, reflecting ability to inhibit a prepotent motor response; and impulsive personality traits, reflecting self-reported attributions of self-regulatory capacity.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional confirmatory factor analysis of multiple impulsivity assessments.

The Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics of Alcohol Use Disorders.

Background: Behavioral economics and neuroeconomics bring together perspectives and methods from psychology, economics, and cognitive neuroscience to understand decision making and choice behavior. Extending an operant behavioral theoretical framework, these perspectives have increasingly been applied to understand the alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and this review surveys the theory, methods, and findings from this approach. The focus is on 3 key behavioral economic concepts: delay discounting (i.

Partner accommodation moderates treatment outcomes for couple therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Objective: Partner accommodation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (i.e., altering one's own behaviors to minimize patient distress and/or relationship conflict due to patients' PTSD symptoms) has been shown to be positively associated with patient and partner psychopathology and negatively associated with patient and partner relationship satisfaction cross-sectionally.

D-cycloserine to enhance extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol: a translational approach.

Cue-elicited craving for alcohol is well established but extinction-based treatment to extinguish this response has generated only modest positive outcomes in clinical trials. Basic and clinical research suggests that D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances extinction to fear cues under certain conditions. However, it remains unclear whether DCS would also accelerate extinction of cue-elicited craving for alcohol.

The relationship between insight and autobiographical memory for emotional events in schizophrenia.

The relation of episodic and semantic memory for emotional- (positive, negative) and neutral-valenced autobiographical events to illness insight was examined in individuals with schizophrenia. Reduced recall of episodic details for negative events was significantly associated with impaired awareness of having a past mental disorder and its social consequences. Deficits in episodic memory for negative autobiographical events may underlie impaired insight in schizophrenia.

A qualitative study of the attitudes of patients in an early intervention service towards antipsychotic long-acting injections.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate attitudinal themes to antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) in patients in an early intervention team (EIT).

Methods: Interviews were carried out with outpatients purposively sampled from an EIT to represent patients currently prescribed antipsychotic LAIs, oral antipsychotics and those not prescribed antipsychotic medication. Interviews were conducted and analysed according to grounded theory.

Environmental cleaning resources and activities in Canadian acute care hospitals.

Background: Environmental cleaning interventions have increased cleaning effectiveness and reduced antibiotic-resistant organisms in hospitals. This study examined cleaning in Canadian acute care hospitals with the goal of developing strategies to improve cleaning and reduce antibiotic-resistant organism rates.

Methods: Managers most responsible for environmental services (EVS) completed an extensive online survey that assessed EVS resources and cleaning practices.

Working relationships of infection prevention and control programs and environmental services and associations with antibiotic-resistant organisms in Canadian acute care hospitals.

Background: Environmental contamination in hospitals with antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) is associated with patient contraction of AROs. This study examined the working relationship of Infection Prevention and Control (IPAC) and Environmental Services and the impact of that relationship on ARO rates.

Methods: Lead infection control professionals completed an online survey that assessed the IPAC and Environmental Services working relationship in their acute care hospital in 2011.

Treating generalized anxiety disorder with second generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Most individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) fail to achieve remission despite standard treatments. As a result, we examined the efficacy and tolerability of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) as (a) augmentation or (b) monotherapy for GAD. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, controlled trials databases, and the abstracts of scientific meetings for all trials of GAD treatment with SGAs in adults.

Understanding how traumatic re-enactment impacts the workplace: assisting clients' successful return to work.

Background: This research explores the observation that people who have had traumatic life experiences may connect with work in an unhealthy way, impacting their ability to return to work successfully.

Purpose: This research aims to understand how past traumatic experiences influence career choice and workplace behaviour and, given this understanding, consider how occupational therapists can facilitate change towards a successful return to work.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were used to gather information from twenty-five clients experiencing depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder.

The aggressive behavior scale: a new scale to measure aggression based on the minimum data set.

Objectives: To examine the reliability and validity of the Aggressive Behavior Scale (ABS), derived from the Minimum Data Set (MDS 2.0).

Design: Retrospective analysis of MDS 2.

Predictors of a new depression diagnosis among older adults admitted to complex continuing care: implications for the depression rating scale (DRS).

Background: depression is a major disabling condition among older adults, where it may be under-diagnosed for a number of reasons, including a different presentation for younger people with depression. The Minimum Data Set 2.0 (MDS 2.

Premature termination of treatment in an inpatient eating disorder programme.

This retrospective study was conducted to explore rates, timing and predictors of two forms of premature termination of treatment (PTT) in an inpatient eating disorders programme: patient dropout (DO) and administrative discharge (AD). A chart review was conducted to obtain demographic, Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), and Resident Assessment Instrument-Mental Health (RAI-MH) data for 186 patients being treated for bulimia nervosa (BN), anorexia nervosa (AN), or eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Overall, of the 37.

It's the activity that counts: what clients value in psycho-educational groups.

Background: This qualitative pilot research study provides client-centred outcomes by evaluating psycho-educational groups from the clients'perspective.

Purpose: This study was designed to determine what clients value in three psycho-educational groups offered in an acute inpatient psychiatric setting.

Methods: Interviews lasting 30 to 60 minutes relating to the 8 participants group experiences were recorded and transcribed verbatim.

First psychosis prodrome: rehabilitation and recovery.

This paper explores some of the literature and the personal experience of the author to establish the key feature of the prodrome in first psychosis schizophrenia, the loss of functioning the individual experiences. The emerging literature on the subject is seen to lack consensus, and be focused on the predictive value of prodrome symptoms, not on potential rehabilitation and recovery issues. Because prodrome symptoms are disabling, experienced during the transition from adolescent to adult, and of considerable duration, they are likely to have a profound effect on rehabilitation and recovery in treatment.

Specialized inpatient trauma treatment for adults abused as children: a follow-up study.

Objective: The authors investigated outcome at discharge and at follow-up assessments for adults abused as children who completed a 6-week inpatient program for traumatic stress recovery.

Method: Participants were assessed at admission, discharge, and 3, 6, and 12 months postdischarge on measures of global symptom severity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and disrupted beliefs. Two wait-list comparison groups were also assessed at two points in time for comparison with the discharge and 3-month postdischarge assessments of the treatment group.

An investigation of trauma-centered inpatient treatment for adult survivors of abuse.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine a comprehensive inpatient treatment program designed for adult survivors of childhood abuse with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Method: One hundred and thirty-two formerly abused individuals completed clinician-administered and self-administered measures of PTSD symptomatology at admission and discharge. All participants experienced a range of physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse as children prior to the age of 17.

Withdrawal strategies for outpatients. Alcohol, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, and opiate addictions.

This article discusses outpatient withdrawal strategies for patients addicted to alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opiates and describes some practical ways to support recovery.