Risk Classification for Metabolic Syndrome and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Japan With Low Prevalence of Obesity: A Pooled Analysis of 10 Prospective Cohort Studies.

Background It is uncertain whether risk classification under the nationwide program on screening and lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome captures well high-risk individuals who could benefit from lifestyle interventions. We examined the validity of risk classification by linking the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods and Results Individual-level data of 29 288 Japanese individuals aged 40 to 74 years without a history of CVD from 10 prospective cohort studies were used.

Study design and baseline characteristics of a population-based prospective cohort study of dementia in Japan: the Japan Prospective Studies Collaboration for Aging and Dementia (JPSC-AD).

Background: The burden of dementia is growing rapidly and has become a medical and social problem in Japan. Prospective cohort studies have been considered an effective methodology to clarify the risk factors and the etiology of dementia. We aimed to perform a large-scale dementia cohort study to elucidate environmental and genetic risk factors for dementia, as well as their interaction.

Parenting style during childhood is associated with the development of chronic pain and a patient's need for psychosomatic treatment in adulthood: A case-control study.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between parenting style and chronic pain and the patients' need for psychosomatic treatment in adulthood.We compared 4 combinations of 2 parenting style subscales, high and low care and overprotection, among the following 4 age- and sex-matched groups: community-dwelling subjects without chronic pain (n = 100), community-dwelling subjects with chronic pain (n = 100), outpatients with chronic pain (n = 50), and inpatients with chronic pain (n = 50). Parenting style was assessed for both the mother and father by use of the Parental Bonding Instrument questionnaire.

Characteristics of the Salivary Microbiota in Patients With Various Digestive Tract Cancers.

The salivary microbiota is constantly swallowed and delivered to the digestive tract. These bacteria may be associated with gastrointestinal diseases. This case-control study examined the salivary microbiota in patients with digestive tract cancer (DTC) and evaluated their differential distribution based on the cancer sites.

Dairy consumption and risk of functional disability in an elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study.

Background: Little is known about the association between dairy intake and risk of functional disability in the elderly.

Objectives: We examined the influence of dairy intake on the development of declining functional capacity and activities of daily living (ADL) in a prospective cohort study of an elderly population.

Methods: A total of 859 community-dwelling Japanese residents, aged ≥65 y without functional disability, were followed up for 7 y.

Prevalence of and risk factors for cerebral microbleeds in a general Japanese elderly community.

Background: We investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in a cross-sectional study of a general population of Japanese elderly.

Methods: In 2012, brain MRI scanning at 1.5T and comprehensive health examination were conducted for 1281 residents aged 65 years or older.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study.

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a general Japanese population.

Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 with subjects from the Hisayama Study. Of the 3,648 residents in Hisayama, Japan, 2,663 who were ≥ 50 years old were enrolled in this study.

Secular trends in the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of transient ischemic attack in Japan: The Hisayama Study.

Background And Aims: We aimed to investigate secular trends in the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) in a general Japanese population.

Methods: Two cohorts consisting of stroke-free Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years in 1961 (n = 1621) and 1988 (n = 2646) were followed up for 24 years. The associations of potential risk factors with the development of TIA were estimated by a Cox proportional hazards model.

Albuminuria Increases the Risks for Both Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia in Community-Dwelling Japanese Elderly: The Hisayama Study.

Background: Epidemiologic evidence has emerged to reveal an association of albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with dementia, but the findings are inconsistent. In addition, there are limited studies addressing the association between albuminuria and Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods And Results: A total of 1562 community-dwelling Japanese subjects aged ≥60 years without dementia were followed up for 10 years.

Comparative profiling of cortical gene expression in Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models demonstrates a link between amyloidosis and neuroinflammation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered to play an important role in the development and progression of AD. However, the extent to which these events contribute to the Aβ pathologies remains unclear.

Development and validation of a risk assessment tool for gastric cancer in a general Japanese population.

Background: There have been very few reports of risk score models for the development of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a risk assessment tool for discerning future gastric cancer risk in Japanese.

Methods: A total of 2444 subjects aged 40 years or over were followed up for 14 years from 1988 (derivation cohort), and 3204 subjects of the same age group were followed up for 5 years from 2002 (validation cohort).

White-coat and masked hypertension are associated with albuminuria in a general population: the Hisayama Study.

Epidemiological and clinical studies have investigated the influence of hypertension on chronic kidney disease (CKD), but limited data are available for the associations of white-coat hypertension (WCHT), masked hypertension (MHT) and sustained hypertension (SHT) with kidney dysfunction in general populations. We examined the associations of these types of hypertension with CKD (albuminuria and reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) in a cross-sectional survey of 2974 community-dwelling Japanese aged ⩾40 years. The types of hypertension were defined based on combined measurements of clinic and home blood pressures.

Day-to-Day Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Dementia in a General Japanese Elderly Population: The Hisayama Study.

Background: Several observational studies have reported that higher visit-to-visit blood pressure variability is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, no studies have investigated the association of day-to-day blood pressure variability assessed by home blood pressure measurement with the development of dementia.

Methods: A total of 1674 community-dwelling Japanese elderly without dementia, ≥60 years of age, were followed up for 5 years (2007-2012).

The ratio of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and risk of cancer death in a Japanese community: The Hisayama Study.

Background: Whether the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or arachidonic acid (AA) affects the risk of cancer remains unclear, and the association between the serum EPA:AA ratio and cancer risk has not been fully evaluated in general populations.

Methods: A total of 3098 community-dwelling subjects aged ≥40 years were followed up for 9.6 years (2002-2012).

Morning and Evening Blood Pressures Are Associated With Intima-Media Thickness in a General Population - The Hisayama Study.

Background: The association of morning and evening home blood pressures (HBPs) with carotid atherosclerosis has been uncertain in general populations, so we aimed to investigate it in a general Japanese population.

Methods and results: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2,856 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥40 years to examine the association of morning and evening HBPs with carotid mean intima-media thickness (IMT). The age- and sex-adjusted geometric averages of carotid mean IMT increased significantly with increasing morning HBP (optimal: 0.

Alternative Measures of Hyperglycemia and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in the Community: The Hisayama Study.

Context And Objective: We investigated the associations of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycated albumin (GA), GA/HbA1c ratio, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Design And Participants: A total of 1187 community-dwelling Japanese subjects aged ≥65 years without dementia were followed up for an average of 4.8 years.

Association of Airflow Limitation With Carotid Atherosclerosis in a Japanese Community - The Hisayama Study.

Background: There has been no large-scale observational study examining the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or airflow limitation and carotid atherosclerosis in the general population across a wide range of generations in Asia. In the present study we assessed the association between airflow limitation and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in a general Japanese population, with consideration of a comprehensive array of cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods and results: In all, 2,099 community-dwelling Japanese subjects were included in the study.

Development of a self-scored persistent airflow obstruction screening questionnaire in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study.

Background: The use of a simple screening questionnaire to detect persistent airflow obstruction (AO) in COPD may facilitate the early, accurate diagnosis of COPD in general practice settings.

Objective: This study developed an original persistent AO questionnaire for screening individuals with COPD in a general Japanese population.

Methods: A working group was established to generate initial draft questionnaire items about COPD.

Dietary Protein Intake and Stroke Risk in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study.

Background And Purpose: The influence of dietary protein intake on stroke risk is an area of interest. We investigated the association between dietary protein intake and stroke risk in Japanese, considering sources of protein.

Methods: A total of 2400 subjects aged 40 to 79 years were followed up for 19 years.

Association Between Serum Vitamin D and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Death in a General Japanese Population - The Hisayama Study.

Background: Few studies have investigated the association between serum vitamin D levels and mortality in general Asian populations.

Methods and results: We examined the association of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) levels with the risk of all-cause and cause-specific death in an average 9.5-year follow-up study of 3,292 community-dwelling Japanese subjects aged ≥40 years (2002-2012).

Trends in dementia prevalence, incidence, and survival rate in a Japanese community.

Objective: To investigate secular trends in the prevalence, incidence, and survival rate of dementia in a Japanese elderly population in a comprehensive manner.

Methods: Five cross-sectional surveys of dementia were conducted among residents of a Japanese community, aged ≥65 years, in 1985, 1992, 1998, 2005, and 2012. We also established 2 cohorts consisting of the residents of this age group without dementia in 1988 (n = 803) and 2002 (n = 1,231), and each was followed for 10 years.

Characteristics and prognosis of Japanese female breast cancer patients: The BioBank Japan project.

Background: Breast cancer is currently the most common type of cancer in Japanese females. Unlike most other types of cancer, breast cancer develops more frequently in middle-aged females than in elderly females.

Methods: Of all Japanese female breast cancer patients aged ≥20 years whom the BioBank Japan Project originally enrolled between 2003 and 2008, 2034 were registered within 90 days after their diagnosis.