Fullerene Anions: Unusual Charge Distribution in C.

The full NMR assignment by the INADEQUATE method clarifies the reduced aromaticity of the C ion (see picture; a-e indicate the five different carbon environments) relative to the neutral system, as well as the charge delocalization pattern. The reduction process was carried out with lithium in the presence of corannulene, which acts as an "electron shuttle".

Integration of Layered Redox Proteins and Conductive Supports for Bioelectronic Applications.

Integration of redox enzymes with an electrode support and formation of an electrical contact between the biocatalysts and the electrode is the fundamental subject of bioelectronics and optobioelectronics. This review addresses the recent advances and the scientific progress in electrically contacted, layered enzyme electrodes, and discusses the future applications of the systems in various bioelectronic devices, for example, amperometric biosensors, sensoric arrays, logic gates, and optical memories. This review presents the methods for the immobilization of redox enzymes on electrodes and discusses the covalent linkage of proteins, the use of supramolecular affinity complexes, and the reconstitution of apo-redox enzymes for the nanoengineering of electrodes with protein monolayers of electrodes with protein monolayers and multilayers.

Programmed cell death of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense is mediated by CO(2) limitation and oxidative stress.

The phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Kinneret is dominated in spring by a bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense, which terminates sharply in summer [1]. The pH in Peridinium patches rises during the bloom to values higher than pH9 [2] and results in CO(2) limitation. Here we show that depletion of dissolved CO(2) (CO(2(dis))) stimulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cell death in both natural and cultured Peridinium populations.