Executive function in young children with and without global developmental delays: Association with mastery motivation and developmental abilities.

Executive functions (EF) affect child competencies across domains in early childhood. Thus, this study examined: 1) the EF differences between young children with global developmental delays (GDD) and those with typical development (TD); 2) the relationship between mastery motivation (MM) and EF; 3) the association between developmental abilities and EF in both groups. Participants included 26 mother-child dyads of preschoolers with GDD (age 24-55 months) and 26 sex- and mental-age-matched dyads of TD preschoolers (age 15-29 months).

Alterations in functional connectivity of interoceptive and Cortico-Subcortical areas in Multiple Sclerosis-Related fatigue.

Fatigue in people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) is a poorly understood, complex, and disabling symptom. We hypothesized that the perception of fatigue in PwMS results from increased information processing in cortical areas responsible for the perception of bodily states and decreased information processing in the cortico-basal ganglia network involved in the perception of motor performance. We investigated whether PwMS who perceive excessive fatigue would have increased resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between interoceptive brain areas (amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], and insula) and decreased rsFC between cortico-basal ganglia premotor network compared to PwMS not reporting fatigue.

Chicks make stochastic decisions based on gain rates of different time constants.

The marginal value theorem (MVT) predicts that optimal foragers leave a patch when the instantaneous gain rate decreases to the average long-term gain rate. However, various animals systematically deviate from this optimum by staying too long or overharvesting relative to this optimum. We hypothesised that animals do not represent their optimal stay time but instead determine their departure point probabilistically.

Daily life mobility detects frailty, falls, and functioning in older prostate cancer survivors treated with androgen deprivation therapy.

Introduction: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) increases the risk of frailty, falls, and poor physical functioning in older adults with prostate cancer. Detection of frailty is limited to self-report instruments and performance measures, so unbiased tools are needed. We investigated relationships between an unbiased measure - daily life mobility - and ADT history, frailty, fall history, and functioning in older prostate cancer survivors treated with ADT.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Novel Fetal Vesicoamniotic Shunt-The Vortex Shunt.

Objective: We estimated the potential outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of the Vortex shunt, a novel fetal vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS), compared to standard shunts for treating fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO).

Method: We designed a decision-analytic model comparing the Vortex shunt to current shunts using a theoretical cohort of 1000 pregnancies equivalent to the annual U.S.

The physicochemical properties of lipopolysaccharide chemotypes regulate activation of the contact pathway of blood coagulation.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the primary pathogenic factor in Gram-negative sepsis. While the presence of LPS in the bloodstream during infection is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, the mechanistic link between LPS and blood coagulation activation remains ill-defined. The contact pathway of coagulation-a series of biochemical reactions that initiates blood clotting when plasma factors XII (FXII) and XI (FXI), prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HK) interact with anionic surfaces-has been shown to be activated in Gram-negative septic patients.

Outliers of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in the Bundled Payment Era.

Background: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Advanced (BPCIA) Model that covers 90-day care episodes after select orthopedic procedures including anatomic or reverse ball-and-socket total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA/rTSA). This study investigated whether patients undergoing TSA/rTSA for non-degenerative processes incur higher costs than patients undergoing arthroplasty for degenerative processes.

Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients at a single academic medical center enrolled in the BPCIA model for TSA/rTSA from October 1, 2018, through December 31, 2022.

Short-term cognitive practice effects in Parkinson's disease: More than meets the eye.

Introduction: Although practice effects (PE) on repeated cognitive testing have received growing interest in Alzheimer's disease, they have been understudied in Parkinson's disease (PD). The current paper examined PE across one week in a sample of patients with PD via traditional methods and regression-based change scores, as well as if these change scores relate to clinical variables in PD.

Methods: Thirty-five patients with PD were administered a brief cognitive battery twice across approximately one week.

Orally administrated acetate inhibits atherosclerosis progression through AMPK activation via GPR43 in plaque macrophages.

Background And Aims: Oral administration of acetic acid, a short-chain fatty acid, has been shown to efficiently reduce obesity and insulin resistance in both experimental animals and humans. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of acetate is expected owing to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress characteristics; however, this remains to be fully understood.

Methods: For 12 weeks, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were administered 0.

Annual Research Review: Micronutrients and their role in the treatment of paediatric mental illness.

The aim of this narrative review is to summarize evidence relating the importance of nutrient intake from diet and supplementation for paediatric mental health. We begin by reviewing several mechanisms by which nutrients maximize brain health, including enabling metabolic reactions to occur, supporting mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and assisting with detoxification. Circumstances that may contribute to an individual requiring additional nutrients beyond what are available in the diet, such as consumption of nutritionally depleted food, individual differences in biological need, long-term medication use and gut-brain health needs are then reviewed.

Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis by Screening Biopsy During Trigger Finger Release.

Patients undergoing trigger release surgery are known to be at increased risk of amyloidosis and heart failure, and therefore, amyloidosis screening during trigger release surgery may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis. However, the reported prevalence of amyloid on biopsies taken during trigger release surgery has varied widely, and no biopsy-positive patients in prior studies have been diagnosed with occult cardiac amyloidosis or started on disease-modifying therapy. We review the existing literature on this topic and present a case of a patient with cardiac amyloidosis diagnosed from a biopsy taken during trigger release surgery and subsequently started on disease-modifying therapy.

Landscape of somatic mutations and clonal evolution in NUP98-rearranged adult acute myeloid leukaemia.

Acute myeloid leukaemia with NUP98 rearrangement (AML-NUP98) has been previously described in paediatric patients, and the clinical significance in adult AML patients remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identified specific partner fusion genes and examined somatic co-mutations and clonal evolution longitudinally in adult AML-NUP98 patients. Our comprehensive analysis provides an understanding of NUP98 rearrangement and co-mutations influencing clonal evolution and disease progression and offers valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies.

IMPACT OF LENGTH INDEXING OF DEFORMATION IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION.

Background: When assessing right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography, some discordance between the deformational indices is predicted based on the influence of RV length. RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWS) is relatively independent of RV length, whereas tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) reflects the strain-length product. Systolic annular velocity (s') (distance over time) is also likely to be influenced by length.

Implementation of Universal Germline Genetic Testing Into Standard of Care for Patients With Prostate Cancer: The Time Is Now.

Indications for and implications of germline genetic testing (GGT) in patients with prostate cancer have expanded over the past decade, particularly related to precision therapies and management. GGT has become the standard of care for many cancers such as breast, ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, and metastatic prostate cancer, and it is imperative that patients be offered timely and equitable access to testing as it can inform patient-physician shared decision making for management of the current cancer as well as anticipatory guidance for disease progression. Additionally, GGT guides screening for and prevention of secondary malignancies for the patient and cascade testing for at-risk family members.

Prolonged Immunomodulator Delivery Boosts Monocyte Exosome Secretion and Elevates Cathelicidin/LL-37 Content.

Human cathelicidin LL-37 offers significant benefits to the immune system and in treating various diseases, but its therapeutic potential is hindered by low activity and instability in physiological environments. Here, we introduce a strategy to boost LL-37 levels in exosomes derived from THP-1 monocytes by incubating cells with electrospun nanofibers containing immunomodulators (e.g.

Severe Maternal Morbidity and Other Perinatal Complications Among Black, Hispanic, and White Birthing Persons With and Without Physical Disabilities.

People with physical disabilities are at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, including severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Risks may be even greater for disabled people in minoritized racial or ethnic groups, but little is known about this intersection. We analyzed linked hospital discharge and vital records data from California, 2008-2020.

The alphavirus determinants of intercellular long extension formation.

The alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a serious human pathogen that can cause large-scale epidemics characterized by fever and joint pain and often resulting in chronic arthritis. Infection by alphaviruses including CHIKV and the closely related Semliki Forest virus (SFV) can induce the formation of filopodia-like intercellular long extensions (ILEs). ILEs emanate from an infected cell, stably attach to a neighboring cell, and mediate cell-to-cell viral transmission that is resistant to neutralizing antibodies.

Integrated safety analysis of tofacitinib from Phase 2 and 3 trials of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Objectives: Describe tofacitinib safety from an integrated analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Method: Pooled data from Phase 2 (NCT01786668; 04/2013-03/2015)/Phase 3 (NCT03502616; 06/2018-08/2020) RCTs in AS patients were analyzed (3 overlapping cohorts): 16-week placebo-controlled (tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily [BID] [n = 185]; placebo [n = 187]); 48-week only-tofacitinib 5 mg BID (n = 316); 48-week all-tofacitinib (≥ 1 dose of tofacitinib 2, 5, or 10 mg BID; n = 420). Baseline 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk was determined in patients without history of ASCVD (48-week cohorts).

Fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneurons: new perspectives of treatment and future challenges in dementia.

Central nervous system parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) are crucial and highly vulnerable to various stressors. They also play a significant role in the pathological processes of many neuropsychiatric diseases, especially those associated with cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia, and schizophrenia. Although accumulating evidence suggests that the loss of PV-INs is associated with memory impairment in dementia, the precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive.

Risk of Hospitalization Among Assisted Living Residents Dually Enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid.

Objectives: To examine how risk of hospitalization among assisted living (AL) residents differs by dual enrollment in Medicare and Medicaid and by the percent of dually enrolled individuals in an AL community.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting And Participants: We used Medicare data from 2008 to 2018 and a national directory of licensed AL communities to identify Medicare beneficiaries with a change in their ZIP+4 code suggesting a new residence in an AL.