Micromagnetic Tomography for Paleomagnetism and Rock-Magnetism.

Our understanding of the past behavior of the geomagnetic field arises from magnetic signals stored in geological materials, e.g., (volcanic) rocks.

An Inversion Framework for Optimizing Non-Methane VOC Emissions Using Remote Sensing and Airborne Observations in Northeast Asia During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign.

We aim to reduce uncertainties in CHO and other volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions through assimilation of remote sensing data. We first update a three-dimensional (3D) chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem with the KORUSv5 anthropogenic emission inventory and inclusion of chemistry for aromatics and CH, leading to modest improvements in simulation of CHO (normalized mean bias (NMB): -0.57 to -0.

Sector-Based Top-Down Estimates of NO , SO, and CO Emissions in East Asia.

Top-down estimates using satellite data provide important information on the sources of air pollutants. We develop a sector-based 4D-Var framework based on the GEOS-Chem adjoint model to address the impacts of co-emissions and chemical interactions on top-down emission estimates. We apply OMI NO, OMI SO, and MOPITT CO observations to estimate NO , SO, and CO emissions in East Asia during 2005-2012.

Evaluating the Impact of Chemical Complexity and Horizontal Resolution on Tropospheric Ozone Over the Conterminous US With a Global Variable Resolution Chemistry Model.

A new configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM)/Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry (CAM-chem) supporting the capability of horizontal mesh refinement through the use of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core is developed and called CESM/CAM-chem-SE. Horizontal mesh refinement in CESM/CAM-chem-SE is unique and novel in that pollutants such as ozone are accurately represented at human exposure relevant scales while also directly including global feedbacks. CESM/CAM-chem-SE with mesh refinement down to ∼14 km over the conterminous US (CONUS) is the beginning of the Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICAv0).

Aerosol-Radiation Interactions in China in Winter: Competing Effects of Reduced Shortwave Radiation and Cloud-Snowfall-Albedo Feedbacks Under Rapidly Changing Emissions.

Since 2013, Chinese policies have dramatically reduced emissions of particulates and their gas-phase precursors, but the implications of these reductions for aerosol-radiation interactions are unknown. Using a global, coupled chemistry-climate model, we examine how the radiative impacts of Chinese air pollution in the winter months of 2012 and 2013 affect local meteorology and how these changes may, in turn, influence surface concentrations of PM, particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm.

Long-Term Earth-Moon Evolution With High-Level Orbit and Ocean Tide Models.

Tides and Earth-Moon system evolution are coupled over geological time. Tidal energy dissipation on Earth slows rotation rate, increases obliquity, lunar orbit semi-major axis and eccentricity, and decreases lunar inclination. Tidal and core-mantle boundary dissipation within the Moon decrease inclination, eccentricity and semi-major axis.

Tracking the Cracking: A Holistic Analysis of Rapid Ice Shelf Fracture Using Seismology, Geodesy, and Satellite Imagery on the Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf, West Antarctica.

Ice shelves regulate the stability of marine ice sheets. We track fractures on Pine Island Glacier, a quickly accelerating glacier in West Antarctica that contributes more to sea level rise than any other glacier. Using an on-ice seismic network deployed from 2012 to 2014, we catalog icequakes that dominantly consist of flexural gravity waves.

Design and synthesis of TiO/C nanosheets with a directional cascade carrier transfer.

Directed transfer of carriers, akin to excited charges in photosynthesis, in semiconductors by structural design is challenging. Here, TiO nanosheets with interlayered sp carbon and titanium vacancies are obtained by low-temperature controlled oxidation calcination. The directed transfer of carriers from the excited position to Ti-vacancies to interlayered carbon is investigated and proven to greatly increase the charge transport efficiency.

Data-driven Interpretable Policy Construction for Personalized Mobile Health.

To promote healthy behaviors, many mobile health applications provide message-based interventions, such as tips, motivational messages, or suggestions for healthy activities. Ideally, the intervention policies should be carefully designed so that users obtain the benefits without being overwhelmed by overly frequent messages. As part of the HeartSteps physical-activity intervention, users receive messages intended to disrupt sedentary behavior.

Simple, rapid, and visual electrochemiluminescence sensor for on-site catechol analysis.

Environmental pollution caused by aromatic compounds such as catechol (Cat) has become a major issue for human health. However, there is no simple, rapid, and low-cost method for on-site monitoring of Cat. Here, based on ECL quenching mechanism, we develop a simple, rapid and visual mesoporous silica (MSNs)-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for on-site monitoring of Cat.

An environmental gradient dominates ecological and genetic differentiation of marine invertebrates between the North and Baltic Sea.

Environmental gradients have emerged as important barriers to structuring populations and species distributions. We set out to test whether the strong salinity gradient from the marine North Sea to the brackish Baltic Sea in northern Europe represents an ecological and genetic break, and to identify life history traits that correlate with the strength of this break. We accumulated mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 sequence data, and data on the distribution, salinity tolerance, and life history for 28 species belonging to the Cnidaria, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Polychaeta, and Gastrotricha.

Vaccine and inclusion.

In majoritarian democracies, popular policies may not be inclusive, and inclusive policies may not be popular. This dilemma raises the crucial question of when it is possible to design a policy that is both inclusive and popular. We address this question in the context of vaccine allocation in a polarized economy facing a pandemic.

Synthesis of nanomedicine hydrogel microcapsules by droplet microfluidic process and their pH and temperature dependent release.

Chitosan and alginate hydrogels are attractive because they are highly biocompatible and suitable for developing nanomedicine microcapsules. Here we fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane-based droplet microfluidic reactor to synthesize nanomedicine hydrogel microcapsules using Au@CoFeB-Rg3 as a nanomedicine model and a mixture of sodium alginate and PEG--chitosan crosslinked by genipin as a hydrogel model. The release kinetics of nanomedicines from the hydrogel were evaluated by simulating the pH and temperature of the digestive tract during drug transport and those of the target pathological cell microenvironment.

Exploring the symbol processing 'time interval' parametric constraint in a Belousov-Zhabotinsky operated chemical Turing machine.

Chemical reactions are powerful molecular recognition machines. This power has been recently harnessed to build actual instances of each class of experimentally realizable computing automata, using exclusively small-molecule chemistry ( without requiring biomolecules). The most powerful of them, a programmable Turing machine, uses the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillatory chemistry, and accepts/rejects input sequences through a dual oscillatory and thermodynamic output signature.

Pandemics are catalysts of scientific novelty: Evidence from COVID-19.

Scientific novelty drives the efforts to invent new vaccines and solutions during the pandemic. First-time collaboration and international collaboration are two pivotal channels to expand teams' search activities for a broader scope of resources required to address the global challenge, which might facilitate the generation of novel ideas. Our analysis of 98,981 coronavirus papers suggests that scientific novelty measured by the BioBERT model that is pretrained on 29 million PubMed articles, and first-time collaboration increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, and international collaboration witnessed a sudden decrease.

Selective electrochemical capture and release of uranyl from aqueous alkali, lanthanide, and actinide mixtures using redox-switchable carboranes.

We report the selective electrochemical biphasic capture of the uranyl cation (UO ) from mixed-metal alkali (Cs), lanthanide (Nd, Sm), and actinide (Th, UO ) aqueous solutions to an organic, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), phase using the -substituted -carborane anion, [1,2-(PhPO)-1,2-CBH] (Cb). The reduced Cb is generated by electrochemical reduction of the -carborane, Cb, prior to mixing with the aqueous mixed-metal solution. Subsequent UO release from the captured product, [UO(Cb)], was performed by galvanostatic bulk electrolysis of the DCE phase and back-extraction of UO to a fresh aqueous phase.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of a Ru(bpy) /arginine system: a specific and sensitive detection of acetaminophen.

Ru(bpy)Cl/TPrA is a prominent and widely used ECL system in analytical science. However, the co-reactant TPrA restricts the variety of applications because of its toxicity, volatility, and high cost. Here, we use arginine (Arg) as an alternative co-reactant for Ru(bpy) by taking advantage of its low cost, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility.

Benefits and limitations of a new genome-based PCR-RFLP genotyping assay (GB-RFLP): A SNP-based detection method for identification of species in extremely young adaptive radiations.

High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies make it possible now to sequence entire genomes relatively easily. Complete genomic information obtained by whole-genome resequencing (WGS) can aid in identifying and delineating species even if they are extremely young, cryptic, or morphologically difficult to discern and closely related. Yet, for taxonomic or conservation biology purposes, WGS can remain cost-prohibitive, too time-consuming, and often constitute a "data overkill.

Amyloid-β peptide 37, 38 and 40 individually and cooperatively inhibit amyloid-β 42 aggregation.

The pathology of Alzheimer's disease is connected to the aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, which exists as a number of length-variants. Truncations and extensions are found at both the N- and C-termini, relative to the most commonly studied 40- and 42-residue alloforms. Here, we investigate the aggregation of two physiologically abundant alloforms, Aβ and Aβ, as pure peptides and in mixtures with Aβ and Aβ.

Understanding Dynamics of Nonlinear Representation Learning and Its Application.

Representations of the world environment play a crucial role in artificial intelligence. It is often inefficient to conduct reasoning and inference directly in the space of raw sensory representations, such as pixel values of images. Representation learning allows us to automatically discover suitable representations from raw sensory data.

Considerations and practical implications of performing a phenotypic CRISPR/Cas survival screen.

Genome-wide screens that have viability as a readout have been instrumental to identify essential genes. The development of gene knockout screens with the use of CRISPR-Cas has provided a more sensitive method to identify these genes. Here, we performed an exhaustive genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 phenotypic rescue screen to identify modulators of cytotoxicity induced by the pioneer transcription factor, DUX4.

Toward benchmarking theoretical computations of elementary rate constants on catalytic surfaces: formate decomposition on Au and Cu.

With the emergence of methods for computing rate constants for elementary reaction steps of catalytic reactions, benchmarking their accuracy becomes important. The unimolecular dehydrogenation of adsorbed formate on metal surfaces serves as a prototype for comparing experiment and theory. Previously measured pre-exponential factors for CO formation from formate on metal surfaces, including Cu(110), are substantially higher than expected from the often used value of /, or ∼6 × 10 s, suggesting that the entropy of the transition state is higher than that of the adsorbed formate.

Evidence of nutrient translocation in response to smoke exposure by the East African ant acacia, .

Fire is a major selective force on arid grassland communities, favoring traits such as the smoke-induced seed germination response seen in a wide variety of plant species. However, little is known about the relevance of smoke as a cue for plants beyond the seedling stage.We exposed a fire-adapted savanna tree, (=) , to smoke and compared nutrient concentrations in leaf and root tissues to unexposed controls.

Injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogels encapsulating drug nanocrystals for long-term treatment of inflammatory arthritis.

Antiproliferative chemotherapeutic agents offer a potential effective treatment for inflammatory arthritis. However, their clinical application is limited by high systemic toxicity, low joint bioavailability as well as formulation challenges. Here, we report an intra-articular drug delivery system combining hyaluronic acid hydrogels and drug nanocrystals to achieve localized and sustained delivery of an antiproliferative chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin for long-term treatment of inflammatory arthritis.