Health Outcomes around Pregnancy and Exposure to HIV/Antiretrovirals (HOPE) study protocol: a prospective observational cohort study of reproductive-aged women living with HIV.

Introduction: Over 265 000 women are living with HIV in the USA, but limited research has investigated the physical, mental and behavioural health outcomes among women living with HIV of reproductive age. Health status during the reproductive years before, during and after pregnancy affects pregnancy outcomes and long-term health. Understanding health outcomes among women living with HIV of reproductive age is of substantial public health importance, regardless of whether they experience pregnancy.

Prescribing practices in the treatment of wasting: secondary analysis from a randomised trial.

Introduction: Current guidelines for the outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) recommend the provision of routine medications to all children at admission and prescribed medications as clinically indicated thereafter. The objective of this study was to describe the amount and purpose of medications prescribed during outpatient SAM treatment and explore the effect of routine antibiotics at admission on subsequent medication prescription.

Methods: Medications prescribed during outpatient treatment were described by medication category, time from admission, and diagnoses among children with SAM in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of 7-day amoxicillin use.

Caspase-8-mediated inflammation but not apoptosis drives death of retinal ganglion cells and loss of visual function in glaucomaa.

Background-: Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial disease where apoptosis and inflammation represent two key pathogenic mechanisms. However, the relative contribution of apoptosis versus inflammation in axon degeneration and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is not well understood. In glaucoma, caspase-8 is linked to RGC apoptosis, as well as glial activation and neuroinflammation.

Coverage and Access Changes During Medicaid Unwinding.

Importance: States resumed Medicaid eligibility redeterminations, which had been paused during the COVID-19 public health emergency, in 2023. This unwinding of the pandemic continuous coverage provision raised concerns about the extent to which beneficiaries would lose Medicaid coverage and how that would affect access to care.

Objective: To assess early changes in insurance and access to care during Medicaid unwinding among individuals with low incomes in 4 Southern states.

Seeking abortion accompaniment: experiences and self-managed abortion preferences of hotline callers after abortion legalisation in Argentina.

Background: Until the legalisation of abortion in Argentina in 2021, the Socorristas en Red, a network of feminist collectives, provided support and information ('accompaniment') to people self-managing their abortion with medications. Following legalisation, the Socorristas continued accompanying people self-managing or accessing abortion through the healthcare system. We conducted a cross-sectional study to understand preferences, experiences and choices about abortion when contacting a Socorristas hotline after legalisation of abortion in Argentina.

Loneliness, social isolation and incident chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes.

Background: Individuals with diabetes have a significantly higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and higher levels of social isolation and loneliness compared with those without diabetes. Recently, the American Heart Association highlighted the importance of considering social determinants of health (SDOH) in conjunction with traditional risk factors in patients with diabetes.

Aims: To investigate the associations of loneliness and social isolation with incident CKD risk in patients with diabetes in the UK Biobank.

Preparation, pungency and bioactivity transduction of piperine from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): A comprehensive review.

Piperine, derived from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), is responsible for the pungent sensation. The diverse bioactivities of piperine underscores its promising potential as a functional food ingredient.

Caregiving for China's one-child generation: a simulation study of caregiving responsibility and impact on women's time use.

Introduction: The introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China's one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China's demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women's caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.

Methods: We simulated the female population aged 25-54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10.

Treatment modality for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and risk of shunt dependent hydrocephalus and mortality: population based study.

Background: Hydrocephalus is a significant contributor to morbidity following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We aimed to investigate the association between primary treatment modality and the incidence of hydrocephalus requiring CSF diversion, using a target trial approach for causal inference.

Methods: This cohort study used US administrative health claims data (Clinformatics Data Mart) and was conducted among aSAH patients undergoing primary treatment with either clipping or coiling, from January 1, 2004, to February 28, 2023.

Risk of colorectal neoplasia after removal of conventional adenomas and serrated polyps: a comprehensive evaluation of risk factors and surveillance use.

Background: Surveillance colonoscopy after polyp removal is recommended to prevent subsequent colorectal cancer (CRC). It is known that advanced adenomas have a substantially higher risk than non-advanced ones, but optimal intervals for surveillance remain unclear.

Design: We prospectively followed 156 699 participants who had undergone a colonoscopy from 2007 to 2017 in a large integrated healthcare system.

The human malaria- monkey model: a historical perspective in antimalarial chemotherapy research at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory-Panama.

The human malaria- monkey model has served the malaria research community since its inception in 1966 at the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory (GML) in Panama. Spanning over five decades, this model has been instrumental in evaluating the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a wide array of candidate antimalarial drugs, whether used singly or in combination. The animal model could be infected with drug-resistant and susceptible and strains that follow a characteristic and reproducible course of infection, remarkably like human untreated and treated infections.

Temporal trends of food consumption patterns in Tuvalu under the context of climate change: COMmunity-based Behavior and Attitude survey in Tuvalu (COMBAT) since 2020.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze temporal trends of food consumption patterns, attitudes, and health-related knowledge in Tuvalu, a small Pacific Island country facing the triple threat of obesity, climate change, and food insecurity.

Methods: Two waves of the COMmunity-based Behavior and Attitude (COMBAT) survey were conducted in 2020 and 2022. Descriptive characteristics of changes in obesity proportion, food intake, and sociodemographic factors were assessed.

Validating the indicator "maternal death review coverage" to improve maternal mortality data: A retrospective analysis of district, facility, and individual medical record data.

Background: Understanding causes and contributors to maternal mortality is critical from a quality improvement perspective to inform decision making and monitor progress toward ending preventable maternal mortality. The indicator "maternal death review coverage" is defined as the percentage of maternal deaths occurring in a facility that are audited. Both the numerator and denominator of this indicator are subject to misclassification errors, underreporting, and bias.

Evolving SARS-CoV-2 severity among hospital and university affiliates in Spain and Greater Boston.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus greatly affected healthcare workers and healthcare systems. It also challenged schools and universities worldwide negatively affecting in-person education. We conducted this study is to assess the evolution of SARs-CoV-2 virulence over the course of the pandemic.

Flourishing and the scope of medicine and public health.

A framework is put forward for the proper scope of considerations concerning flourishing within medicine, psychiatry, clinical counselling, public health and public policy. Each of these disciplines and associated institutional practices have distinctive contributions to make in advancing flourishing within society. In each case, there are also various aspects of flourishing that extend beyond each practice's purview; and yet to restrict attention only to health, narrowly conceived, limits what each of these practices can in fact accomplish.

Clinical and nutritional correlates of bacterial diarrhoea aetiology in young children: a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the ABCD trial.

Objective: The objective was to assess the association between nutritional and clinical characteristics and quantitative PCR (qPCR)-diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea in a multicentre cohort of children under 2 years of age with moderate to severe diarrhoea (MSD).

Design: A secondary cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected from the AntiBiotics for Children with Diarrhoea trial (NCT03130114).

Patients: Children with MSD (defined as 3 loose stools within 24 hours and presenting with at least one of the following: some/severe dehydration, moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) or severe stunting) enrolled in the ABCD trial and collected stool sample.

Perspective: Beyond the Mediterranean Diet-Exploring Latin American, Asian, and African Heritage Diets as Cultural Models of Healthy Eating.

The Mediterranean diet is a well-studied cultural model of healthy eating, yet research on healthy models from other cultures and cuisines has been limited. This perspective article summarizes the components of traditional Latin American, Asian, and African heritage diets, their association with diet quality and markers of health, and implications for nutrition programs and policy. Though these diets differ in specific foods and flavors, we present a common thread that emphasizes healthful plant foods and that is consistent with high dietary quality and low rates of major causes of disability and deaths.

Making causal inferences from transactional data: A narrative review of opportunities and challenges when implementing the target trial framework.

The target trial framework has emerged as a powerful tool for addressing causal questions in clinical practice and in public health. In the healthcare sector, where decision-making is increasingly data-driven, transactional databases, such as electronic health records (EHR) and insurance claims, present an untapped potential for answering complex causal questions. This narrative review explores the potential of the integration of the target trial framework with real-world data to enhance healthcare decision-making processes.

Validating the implementation of an indicator reporting policies and laws on free public maternal health-related services in the era of universal health coverage: A multi-country cross-sectional study.

Background: The concept of universal health coverage (UHC) encompasses both access to essential health services and freedom from financial harm. The World Health Organization's Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health (MNCAH) Policy Survey collects data on policies that have the potential to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. The indicator, "Are the following health services provided free of charge at point-of-use in the public sector for women of reproductive age?", captures the free provision of 13 key categories of maternal health-related services, to measure the success of UHC implementation with respect to maternal health.