TIPICO XI: report of the first series and podcast on infectious diseases and vaccines (aTIPICO).

TIPiCO is an annual expert meeting and workshop on infectious diseases and vaccination. The edition of 2020 changed its name and format to aTIPiCO, the first series and podcasts on infectious diseases and vaccines. A total of 13 prestigious experts from different countries participated in this edition launched on the 26 November 2020.

Being Precise About Precision Medicine: What Should Value Frameworks Incorporate to Address Precision Medicine? A Report of the Personalized Precision Medicine Special Interest Group.

Precision medicine is a dynamic area embracing a diverse and increasing type of approaches that allow the targeting of new medicines, screening programs or preventive healthcare strategies, which include the use of biologic markers or complex tests driven by algorithms also potentially taking account of patient preferences. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research expanded its current work around precision medicine to (1) describe the evolving paradigm of precision medicine with examples of current and evolving applications, (2) describe key stakeholders perspectives on the value of precision medicine in their respective domains, and (3) define the core factors that should be considered in a value assessment framework for precision medicine. With the ultimate goal of improving health of well-defined patient groups, precision medicine will affect all stakeholders in the healthcare system at multiple levels spanning the individual perspective to the societal perspective.

Associations Between American Board of Internal Medicine Maintenance of Certification Status and Performance on a Set of Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Process Measures.

Background: The value of the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program has been questioned as a marker of physician quality.

Objective: To assess whether physician MOC status is associated with performance on selected Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) process measures.

Design: Annual comparisons of HEDIS process measures among physicians who did or did not maintain certification 20 years after initial certification.

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding.

Background: Diarrhoea and pneumonia are common causes of childhood death in sub-Saharan Africa but there are few studies describing specific pathogens.

Objectives: The study aimed to describe the pathogens associated with diarrhoea, pneumonia and oropharyngeal colonization in children born to HIV-infected women (HIV-exposed infants).

Methods: The Mashi Study randomized 1200 HIV-infected women and their infants to breastfeed for 6 months with ZDV prophylaxis or formula-feed with 4 weeks of ZDV.

Angiographic embolization for major trauma in a low-middle income healthcare setting--A retrospective review.

Introduction: Interventional radiology (IR) provides a range of adjunctive techniques to assist with hemorrhage control after trauma that can be employed pre- or post-operatively. The role of IR in lower-middle income countries (LMICs) remains unexplored. This study describes the use of adjunctive angioembolization (AE) in severely injured patients following its recent implementation at an urban trauma center in a LMIC.

Greater adherence to diabetes drugs is linked to less hospital use and could save nearly $5 billion annually.

Improving adherence to medication offers the possibility of both reducing costs and improving care for patients with chronic illness. We examined a national sample of diabetes patients from 2005 to 2008 and found that improved adherence to diabetes medications was associated with 13 percent lower odds of subsequent hospitalizations or emergency department visits. Similarly, losing adherence was associated with 15 percent higher odds of these outcomes.

Patterns and risk factors for locoregional failures after mastectomy for breast cancer: an International Breast Cancer Study Group report.

Background: Rates and risk factors of local, axillary and supraclavicular recurrences can guide patient selection and target for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT).

Patients And Methods: Local, axillary and supraclavicular recurrences were evaluated in 8106 patients enrolled in 13 randomized trials. Patients received chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy and mastectomy without radiotherapy.

A case for safety leadership team training of hospital managers.

Background: Delivering safe patient care remains an elusive goal. Resolving problems in complex organizations like hospitals requires managers to work together. Safety leadership training that encourages managers to exercise learning-oriented, team-based leadership behaviors could promote systemic problem solving and enhance patient safety.

Bone fractures among postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer treated with 5 years of letrozole or tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 trial.

Background: To compare the incidence and timing of bone fractures in postmenopausal women treated with 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen or letrozole for endocrine-responsive early breast cancer in the Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 trial.

Methods: We evaluated 4895 patients allocated to 5 years of letrozole or tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 trial who received at least some study medication (median follow-up 60.3 months).

Selective delipidation of plasma HDL enhances reverse cholesterol transport in vivo.

Uptake of cholesterol from peripheral cells by nascent small HDL circulating in plasma is necessary to prevent atherosclerosis. This process, termed reverse cholesterol transport, produces larger cholesterol-rich HDL that transfers its cholesterol to the liver facilitating excretion. Most HDL in plasma is cholesterol-rich.

Functional Th1 cells are required for surgical adhesion formation in a murine model.

Tissue trauma in the peritoneal and pelvic cavities following surgery or bacterial infection results in adhesions that are a debilitating cause of intestinal obstruction, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility in women. We recently demonstrated that CD4(+) alphabeta T cells are essential for development of this process. Using a murine model of experimental adhesion formation, we now demonstrate that adhesion formation is characterized by the selective recruitment of Tim-3(+), CCR5(+), CXCR3(+), IFN-gamma(+) cells, indicating the presence of a Th1 phenotype.

Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution?

Physician performance failures are not rare and pose substantial threats to patient welfare and safety. Few hospitals respond to such failures promptly or effectively. Failure to ensure the quality and safety of the performance of colleagues is a breach of medicine's fiduciary responsibility to the public.

A critical role for NF-kappaB transcription factors in the development of CD8+ memory-phenotype T cells.

Memory T cells are essential for generating secondary immune responses and so provide long-lived protection from pathogens. The mechanisms that regulate the differentiation and survival of memory T cells are largely unknown. Transgenic mice in which NF-kappaB activity is inhibited by the expression of a dominant-negative form of IkappaB-alpha (mIkappaB-alpha mice) have drastically diminished numbers of CD8(+) memory-phenotype cells.

Lipopolysaccharide induces scavenger receptor A expression in mouse macrophages: a divergent response relative to human THP-1 monocyte/macrophages.

Gene deletion studies indicate that the macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR-A) protects mice from LPS-induced endotoxemia. Paradoxically, cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages down-regulate SR-A expression when exposed to LPS. We found that human THP-1 monocyte/macrophages decrease SR-A expression in response to LPS independent of their differentiation status.

STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES : VIII. FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI IN VITRO.

1. Methods have been described for the preparation and sterilization of a synthetic nutrient medium which supports normal growth during one 24 hour asexual cycle of the erythrocytic form of P. knowlesi.

STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES : VII. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CULTIVATION.

1. Methods of recovering adequate amounts of Plasmodium knowlesi from the monkey (Macaca, mulatta) for biochemical studies and in vitro cultivation are described. Concentrates of red blood cells parasitized with P.

STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES : VI. THE CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND PARASITIZED (P. KNOWLESI) MONKEY BLOOD.

1. Normal monkey, Macaca mulatta, plasma and red cells are similar in their inorganic composition to those of human beings. Inorganic phosphate values of plasma and red cells from parasitized monkey blood are lower than normal.