Oral Regimens for Rifampin-Resistant, Fluoroquinolone-Susceptible Tuberculosis.

Background: For decades, poor treatment options and low-quality evidence plagued care for patients with rifampin-resistant tuberculosis. The advent of new drugs to treat tuberculosis and enhanced funding now permit randomized, controlled trials of shortened-duration, all-oral treatments for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis.

Methods: We conducted a phase 3, multinational, open-label, randomized, controlled noninferiority trial to compare standard therapy for treatment of fluoroquinolone-susceptible, rifampin-resistant tuberculosis with five 9-month oral regimens that included various combinations of bedaquiline (B), delamanid (D), linezolid (L), levofloxacin (Lfx) or moxifloxacin (M), clofazimine (C), and pyrazinamide (Z).

The Southern Brazilian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (SBR-AF Registry): Predictors of Atrial Arrhythmia Recurrence after First-Time Catheter Ablation.

Background: Treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) with catheter ablation (CA) has evolved significantly. However, real-world data on long-term outcomes are limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Objective: This multicenter prospective cohort of consecutive patients aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of first-time CA for AF in Southern Brazil from 2009 to 2024.

Epstein-Barr virus-driven cardiolipin synthesis sustains metabolic remodeling during B cell transformation.

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects nearly 90% of adults globally and is linked to over 200,000 annual cancer cases. Immunocompromised individuals from conditions such as primary immune disorders, HIV, or posttransplant immunosuppressive therapies are particularly vulnerable because of EBV's transformative capability. EBV remodels B cell metabolism to support energy, biosynthetic precursors, and redox equivalents necessary for transformation.

The comparative effectiveness of medicinal cannabis for chronic pain versus prescription medication treatment.

Reviews of the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis for chronic pain vary in their conclusions. IASP has identified that a key missing evidence in this debate is data from observational cohort studies, analyzed with comparative effectiveness methods. In a medically supervised context to the use of marijuana for chronic pain, we identified 440 patients certified for medical marijuana by pain specialists in a single healthcare system.

CMRxRecon2024: A Multimodality, Multiview k-Space Dataset Boosting Universal Machine Learning for Accelerated Cardiac MRI.

. The released CMRxRecon2024 dataset is currently the largest and most protocol-diverse publicly available k-space dataset including multi-modality and multi-view cardiac MRI data from 330 healthy volunteers, and each one covers standardized and commonly used clinical protocols. ©RSNA, 2025.

Use of ChatGPT Large Language Models to Extract Details of Recommendations for Additional Imaging From Free-Text Impressions of Radiology Reports.

Automated extraction of actionable details of recommendations for additional imaging (RAIs) from radiology reports could facilitate tracking and timely completion of clinically necessary RAIs and thereby potentially reduce diagnostic delays. To assess the performance of large-language models (LLMs) in extracting actionable details of RAIs from radiology reports. This retrospective single-center study evaluated reports of diagnostic radiology examinations performed across modalities and care settings within five subspecialties (abdominal imaging, musculoskeletal imaging, neuroradiology, nuclear medicine, thoracic imaging) in August 2023.

Same-day discharge after minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with morbid obesity: Safety and potential barriers.

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate safety after same-day discharge following minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with and without morbid obesity (body mass index 40 kg/m). Our secondary objective was to identify barriers to same-day discharge.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometrial cancer and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia from January 2016 to May 2022.

The influence of familiarity between the surgeon and their assistant on patient outcomes: a prospective observational cohort study.

Background: The inverse relationship between increased surgical team familiarity and reduced operative time is established, but its effect on patient outcomes remains uncertain.

Materials And Methods: A prospective cohort study including operations by attending surgeons between 1 November 2020 and 31 December 2021 across fourteen surgical departments from four French university hospitals. Surgical team familiarity was measured as the cumulative number of previous operations performed by the same dyad of attending and assisting surgeons.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) for Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS).

Objectives: Complex regional pain syndrome remains a challenging condition characterized by severe, persistent pain and a variety of inflammatory and trophic symptoms. This study aimed to analyze the current literature to evaluate hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)'s efficacy in treating complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), focusing on both sympathetically-maintained pain (SMP) and sympathetically-independent pain (SIP) subtypes.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed Clinical Queries using the MeSH term "Complex Regional Pain Syndromes" OR the keyword "CRPS" AND "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy" OR the keyword "HBOT".

International medical graduates representation in pathology academic workforce, departmental leadership and society leadership.

Compared with the overall physician workforce, pathologist workforce in the United States has significant representation of international medical graduates (IMGs). IMG representation in the academic pathology workforce, as well as in departmental and pathology societal leadership, has not been documented. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed a sample of 20 North American academic pathology departmental publicly available websites.

Effective and Engaging Active Learning in the Medical School Classroom: Lessons from Case-Based Collaborative Learning.

Large group collaborative teaching approaches are rapidly gaining popularity in undergraduate medical education. The case-based collaborative Learning (CBCL) pedagogy was instituted for pre-clerkship teaching at Harvard Medical School in 2015 with subsequent implementation at other medical schools. CBCL emphasizes inductive reasoning, integrates basic and clinical sciences, stimulates curiosity, and fosters teamwork.

Descriptive Analysis of Preoperative Breast Reconstruction Patient Expectations Using the BREAST-Q Expectations Module.

Patient expectations have been shown to influence postoperative outcomes across surgical specialties. However, the impact of expectations in breast reconstruction is not well understood. The purpose of this project is to perform the first large-scale analysis and classification of BREAST-Q Expectations responses in patients undergoing implant-based reconstruction.

Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of High-Dose Ondansetron on Clinical Symptoms and Brain Connectivity in Obsessive-Compulsive and Tic Disorders.

Objective: Sensory phenomena (SP) are aversive sensations driving repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's disorder that are not well addressed by standard treatments. SP are related to the functioning of an interoceptive-sensorimotor circuit that may be modulated by the 5-HT receptor antagonist ondansetron. The present study employed an experimental medicine approach to test the effects of 4 weeks of high-dose ondansetron compared to placebo on SP severity and brain connectivity in a cohort of individuals with OCD and/or Tourette's disorder.

Plant-based eating pattern and psychological symptoms: a cross-sectional survey among patients with migraine.

Objectives: The present study evaluated the association between plant-based diet index (PDI) and psychological symptoms, including depressive symptoms, stress, and anxiety among Iranian women diagnosed with migraine headaches.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 262 patients with migraine (aged 20-50 years; body mass index, 18.5-30 kg/m²).

Screening of Oxidative Stress-related Biomarkers and Antioxidant Drugs for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Bioinformatics and Molecular Docking.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Oxidative stress (OS) is suggested to play a significant role in the development of PCOS. Using antioxidants to reduce OS and maintain a healthy balance in the body could be a novel treatment approach for PCOS.

Structured surgical training in minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) increases textbook outcome-a risk-adjusted learning curve.

Background: Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy (MIE) is a complex surgical procedure that has become a cornerstone in the management of esophageal cancer. This study aims to delineate the learning curve associated with MIE and its impact on patient outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 191 patients who underwent MIE between 2015 and 2022.

Urology on a changing planet: links between climate change and urological disease.

Urological diseases and their varied forms of management warrant special attention in the setting of climate change. Regarding urological cancers, climate change will probably increase the incidence and severity of cancer diagnoses through exposures to certain environmental risk factors, while simultaneously disrupting cancer care delivery and downstream outcomes. Regarding benign urological diseases, a burgeoning body of work exists on climate-related heat waves, dehydration, urolithiasis, renal injury and infectious and vector-borne diseases.

Radiological safety atlas of minimally invasive midfoot fusion: A cadaver study.

Purpose: The popularity of minimally invasive (MIS) foot surgery continues to grow. However, it comes with certain limitations that present notable challenges. One significant hurdle is the absence of direct visualization of neurovascular structures and tendons.

Aging Disparities in Ostomy Surgery.

Introduction: Little is known about the association between age and fecal ostomy surgery trends over time. We aim to 1) determine the rate of fecal ostomy operations over time and 2) compare rates of colostomy formation between patients older and younger than 65 y.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective multi-institutional cohort study of patients ≥18 y who underwent colorectal resection between 2003 and 2014 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database.

Pharmacokinetic modeling of prenatal vitamin D exposure and the impact on offspring asthma and pulmonary function.

Gestational 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is important in fetal lung development and may influence offspring respiratory outcomes, making accurate exposure assessment essential to understand clinical associations. Therefore, we used the combined data from two large RCTs investigating prenatal vitamin D supplementation, which included early and late prenatal 25(OH)D measurements, to refine a population pharmacokinetic model of vitamin D-25(OH)D and estimate individual area under the curve (AUC) Z-scores. The primary outcome was physician-diagnosed offspring asthma/wheezing at ages 3 and 6 years, and lung function, as a secondary outcome, was evaluated by spirometry at the ages 6 and 8 years.

Pre-pandemic leukocyte count is associated with severity of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection among older women in the Women's Health Initiative.

Objective: Although dysregulated inflammation has been postulated as a biological mechanism associated with post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC) and shown to be a correlate and an outcome of PASC, it is unclear whether inflammatory markers can prospectively predict PASC risk. We examined the association of leukocyte count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations, measured ~25 years prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with PASC, PASC severity, and PASC-associated cognitive outcomes at follow-up among postmenopausal women.

Methods: Using biomarker data from blood specimens collected during pre-pandemic enrollment (1993-1998) and data on 1,237 Women's Health Initiative participants who completed a COVID-19 survey between June 2021 and February 2022, we constructed multivariable regression models that controlled for pertinent characteristics.

Therapeutic interception in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis to prevent clinically impactful disease.

Multiple clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prevention have been completed. Here, we set out to report on the lessons learnt from these studies. Researchers who conducted RA prevention trials shared the background, rationale, approach and outcomes and evaluated the lessons learnt to inform the next generation of RA prevention trials.

Feasibility and acceptability of engaging care partners of persons living with dementia with electronic outreach for deprescribing.

Background And Objectives: Care partners are critical for making treatment decisions in persons living with dementia. However, identifying them is challenging, hindering the broader use of interventions, such as those using digital technologies. We aimed to (i) assess the feasibility of identifying and contacting care partners using electronic health record (EHR) systems, and (ii) elicit their perspectives on electronic interventions for deprescribing.