Neurological Diagnosis: Artificial Intelligence Compared With Diagnostic Generator.

Objective: Artificial intelligence has recently become available for widespread use in medicine, including the interpretation of digitized information, big data for tracking disease trends and patterns, and clinical diagnosis. Comparative studies and expert opinion support the validity of imaging and data analysis, yet similar validation is lacking in clinical diagnosis. Artificial intelligence programs are here compared with a diagnostic generator program in clinical neurology.

MR Imaging Patterns and Prognosis in Powassan Virus Encephalitis.

Background: Powassan virus (POWV) encephalitis is an arbovirus infection and the only tick-borne encephalitis serogroup which is present in mainland North America. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging described with POWV encephalitis is varied, nonspecific, and limited in number, and as such, imaging patterns and outcomes with this arbovirus infection are not well appreciated.

Methods: A case report and literature review of the MR imaging associated with POWV encephalitis and correlate of the MR pattern with outcome is considered.

Biopsy negative giant cell arteritis-Revised diagnostic criteria: Giant cell arteritis diagnostic criteria.

Background: Diagnosis of giant cell arteritis has traditionally relied on demonstration of pathologic changes on temporal artery biopsy.

Method: To highlight recent advances in large vessel imaging resulting in revised diagnostic criteria for giant cell arteritis.

Conclusion: We call attention to the revised diagnostic criteria imaging evidence of extracranial large vessel thickening as an alternative to temporal artery biopsy in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis in a patient with heralding anterior fornix infarct.

MR Three-Territory Sign in Cancer-Associated Hypercoagulation Stroke (Trousseau Syndrome): An Overlooked Diagnostic Feature: MR Three-Territory Sign.

Background: Stroke in the setting of three-territory lesion pattern on magnetic resonance-diffusion-weighted imaging "three-territory sign" (TTS) is predominately due to cancer-associated hypercoagulation (CAH). Our goal is to determine the frequency with which "TTS" is overlooked as a diagnostic feature of cancer-associated hypercoagulation stroke.

Methods: Over a 4-year period (October 2016 to October 2020), stroke admissions with magnetic resonance imaging defined three-territory diffusion-weighted imaging lesions were identified.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium 2020 Annual Report.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Registry was established by the American College of Medical Toxicology in 2010. The registry collects data from participating sites with the agreement that all bedside and telehealth medical toxicology consultation will be entered. This eleventh annual report summarizes the Registry's 2020 data and activity with its additional 6668 cases.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-the 2019 Annual Report.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Registry was established by the American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) in 2010. The Registry collects data from participating sites with the agreement that all bedside medical toxicology consultation will be entered. This tenth annual report summarizes the Registry's 2019 data and activity with its additional 7177 cases.

MR Target Sign in Cerebral Aspergillosis.

Magnetic resonance (MR) is an effective imaging modality in the evaluation of infectious brain disease, yet findings are often nonspecific. The presence of a diagnostic feature can facilitate early treatment, particularly where mortality is high. We highlight MR apparent diffusion coefficient/T2-weighted target sign in the diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis.

Optic Nerve Enhancement and Restricted Diffusion in Postoperative Visual Loss.

Postoperative visual loss is rare and most often due to posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. We describe optic nerve MR imaging of a 37-year-old man with postoperative visual loss due to posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after complicated aortic aneurysm surgery. MR demonstrated restricted diffusion and focal enhancement of both optic nerves.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-the 2018 Annual Report.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Registry was established by the American College of Medical Toxicology (ACMT) in 2010. The Registry collects data from participating sites with the agreement that all bedside medical toxicology consultation will be entered. The objective of this ninth annual report is to summarize the Registry's 2018 data and activity with its additional 7043 cases.

Correction to: The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-The 2017 Annual Report.

Please note the Collaborators for this article listed in the Acknowledgements.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-the 2017 Annual Report.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) Case Registry was established by the American College of Medical Toxicology in 2010. The Registry collects data from participating sites with the agreement that all bedside medical toxicology consultations will be entered. The objective of this eighth annual report is to summarize the Registry's 2017 data and activity with its additional 7577 cases.

A Fatal Case of Undiagnosed Candida Meningitis: Role of Computer-assisted Diagnosis.

Diagnostic error is an increasing health care concern. An intravenous drug abuser with chronic meningitis died after a prolonged hospitalization from fungal meningitis diagnosed at autopsy. We examine the diagnostic pitfalls and consider how a computer-assisted diagnostic system may influence the outcome of an otherwise fatal condition.

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer detected throughout both the developing and the developed world. Its incidence is on the rise in the developing world. Great strides have been made in developing biomarkers to guide therapy for women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Three-Territory DWI Acute Infarcts: Diagnostic Value in Cancer-Associated Hypercoagulation Stroke (Trousseau Syndrome).

Background And Purpose: DWI infarcts involving the bilateral anterior and posterior circulation suggest an embolic etiology. In the absence of an identifiable embolic source, we analyzed DWI lesions involving these 3 cerebral territories to determine the diagnostic value for ischemic infarction caused by cancer-associated hypercoagulation.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of all brain MR imaging studies at our institution from July 2014 to June 2015 was conducted, yielding 4075 studies.

Bilateral pallidal hemorrhage in toxoplasmosis update of acute symmetric lesions of deep nuclei.

As acute symmetric lesions of deep gray nuclei are often associated with an impaired level of consciousness and neuroimaging by itself cannot distinguish between etiologies, diagnosis may be problematic. Appreciation of the cause of the various neuroimaging patterns in conjunction with the history, examination and laboratory investigations allows for accurate diagnosis in the vast majority of cases. Given the metabolic vulnerability of deep gray nuclei, other than bi-thalamic infarction, it follows that toxic-metabolic and hypoxic-ischemic events account for the majority of cases.

Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities in Chagas disease: findings in residents of rural Bolivian communities hyperendemic for Chagas disease.

Background: Chagas disease is a neglected and preventable tropical disease that causes significant cardiac morbidity and mortality in Latin America.

Objectives: This study sought to describe cardiac findings among inhabitants of rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco.

Methods: The cardiac study drew participants from an epidemiologic study in 7 indigenous Guarani communities.

Symmetric Basal Ganglia lesion in a diabetic dialysis patient: recurrence and pathogenesis.

This paper describes a diabetic dialysis patient presenting two episodes of symmetric basal ganglia lesions occurring 18 months apart, and discusses the MR imaging findings and the pathogenesis of this condition.

The etiology of ring lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging.

This study describes a series of cases and reviews the literature on cases of ring lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging to better appreciate the spectrum of disease associated with this neuroimaging finding. We retrospectively reviewed the MR studies of 15 patients with ring pattern lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging from an inpatient Neurology service of a tertiary care center seen over a ten-year period, and reviewed cases in the literature. Thirty-one cases, including 15 new patients, comprise the study group.

Misdiagnosis of Treatable Stroke Mimic: The Case for HIV Screening in Practice Guidelines.

Notably absent from current practice guidelines for common neurologic diseases as stroke and seizure is the revised Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing of all clinical encounters. During a 9-month period 2 patients with treatable stroke mimics related to HIV type 1 infection were misdiagnosed resulting in delay in beginning antiretroviral therapy and increased cost and morbidity. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of HIV-1 screening in our stroke center population and consider the implications of such testing on neurologic disease.

A syndrome of bilateral symmetrical basal ganglia lesions in diabetic dialysis patients.

A rare syndrome of acute symmetrical bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic dialysis patients that manifests clinically with headache, dysarthria, and gait and movement disorder has been described almost exclusively in patients of Asian descent. The pathophysiology of this condition has not been established. Of the 28 cases reported, 3 patients have been from North America.