Complete genome sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus strain SDWF-2021 isolated from a mosquito pool from a duck farm.

We report here the complete genome sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain SDWF-2021, isolated from a mosquito pool in a duck farm located in Shandong, China. The isolated JEV genetically belong to genotype I, which is the dominant genotype circulation in China.

Differences in Pathogenicity and Vaccine Resistance Discovered between Two Epidemic Strains of Marek's Disease Virus in China.

Despite highly effective vaccines, Marek's disease (MD) causes great economic loss to the poultry industry annually, largely due to the continuous emergence of new MD virus (MDV) strains. To explore the pathogenic characteristics of newly emerged MDV strains, we selected two strains (AH/1807 and DH/18) with clinically different pathotypes. We studied each strain's infection process and pathogenicity and observed differences in immunosuppression and vaccine resistance.

A New Neutralization Epitope in the Spike Protein of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infects piglets and causes serious diarrhea as well as vomiting, dehydration, and death. The trimeric S protein plays a crucial role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies, and many neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PEDV S protein have been developed. However, these mAbs exclusively target the S1 protein.

Emerging natural recombinant Marek's disease virus between vaccine and virulence strains and their pathogenicity.

Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic virus belonging to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, causes Marek's disease (MD). Vaccines can control MD but cannot block the viral infection; they are considered imperfect vaccines, which carry the risk of recombination. In this study, six natural recombinant MDV strains were isolated from infected chickens in commercial flocks in China.

Novel reverse genetics of genotype I and III Japanese encephalitis viruses assembled through transformation associated recombination in yeast: The reporter viruses expressing a green fluorescent protein for the antiviral screening assay.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to a zoonotic flavivirus and is the main cause of viral encephalitis in humans throughout Asia. During the past two decades, both genotypes I (G) and III (GIII) JEVs co-existed in many Asian countries, and the prevalent strains have shifted from GIII to GI. Since all licensed JE vaccines are derived from GIII strains and no specific treatment is available, the development of novel vaccines and specific antiviral drugs against both genotypes is urgently required.

Porcine TRIM35 positively regulate TRAF3-mediated IFN-β production and inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus replication.

Tripartite motif 35 (TRIM35) protein is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that mediates interferon-beta (IFN-β) production via regulating ubiquitination of multiple adaptor proteins in innate immune signaling pathways. Here, we cloned the porcine TRIM35 (porTRIM35) gene and analyzed its involvement in IFN-β expression as well as the antiviral response against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The full-length porTRIM35 gene encoded a 493-amino acid protein and exhibited 79.

Molecular evolution and pathogenicity of chicken anemia virus isolates in China.

Chicken infectious anemia (CIA), caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV), is an important immunosuppressive disease that seriously threatens the global poultry industry. Here, we isolated and identified 30 new CAV strains from CAV-positive flocks. The VP1 genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed at the nucleotide and amino acid levels and were found to have very similar nucleotide sequences (> 97% identity); however, they showed 93.

Neutralizing monoclonal antibody fails to recognize porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with two regions deleted in spike protein.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been prevalent for many years. The viral spike (S) protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. However, there is little understanding of the locations of the neutralizing antibody epitopes in the spike structure.

Development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific SIgA in colostrum.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes very high mortality in newborn piglets. The mucosal immune system in the gut must eliminate potential pathogens while maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship with the commensal microbiota. Antibodies derived from the secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) class, act as the first line of antigen-specific immunity in the gut by recognizing both pathogens and commensals.

A Novel Neutralizing Antibody Targeting a Unique Cross-Reactive Epitope on the hi Loop of Domain II of the Envelope Protein Protects Mice against Duck Tembusu Virus.

The E protein induces protective immunity, and its Abs cause serious problems for serodiagnosis because of the difficulty in differentiating cross-reactive Abs. Moreover, cross-reactive Abs may increase disease severity after secondary infections via Ab-dependent enhancement. Cross-reactive epitopes are therefore critical for understanding serodiagnosis and improving the general knowledge of infections.

Comparative genomic analysis reveals an 'open' pan-genome of African swine fever virus.

The worldwide transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) drastically affects the pig industry and global trade. Development of vaccines is hindered by the lack of knowledge of the genomic characteristics of ASFV. In this study, we developed a pipeline for the de novo assembly of ASFV genome without virus isolation and purification.

A high frequency of Gallid herpesvirus-2 co-infection with Reticuloendotheliosis virusis associated with high tumor rates in Chinese chicken farms.

The prevalence of Marek's disease (MD) caused by Gallid herpesvirus-2 (GaHV-2) has been increasing in chickens in China despite universal vaccination. Among the possible reasons for this trend, of Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) contamination in vaccines could lead to co-infection and reduce the vaccine efficacy. Here, we report the epidemiological findings of our continuous surveillance of MD, and an examination of the effects of REV and/or GaHV-2 co-infection.

Isobavachalcone inhibits post-entry stages of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus life cycle.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen of great economic significance that impacts the swine industry globally. Since the first report of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak, tremendous efforts to control this disease, including various national policies and plans incorporating the use of multiple modified live-virus vaccines, have been made. However, PRRSV is still a significant threat to the swine industry, and new variants continually emerge as a result of PRRSV evolution.

Characterization of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Long Terminal Repeat Quasispecies and .

The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) attenuated vaccine was developed by long-term passaging of a field-isolated virulent strain in cross-species hosts, followed by successive cultivation in cells To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the evolution of the EIAV attenuated vaccine, a systematic study focusing on long-terminal-repeat (LTR) variation in numerous virus strains ranging from virulent EIAV to attenuated EIAV was performed over time both and Two hypervariable regions were identified within the U3 region in the enhancer region (EHR) and the negative regulatory element (NRE) and within the R region in the transcription start site (TSS) and the Tat-activating region (TAR). Among these sites, variation in the U3 region resulted in the formation of additional transcription factor binding sites; this variation of the -adapted strains was consistent with the loss of pathogenicity. Notably, the same LTR variation pattern was observed both and Generally, the LTR variation in both the attenuated virus and the virulent strain fluctuated over time Interestingly, the attenuated-virus-specific LTR variation was also detected in horses infected with the virulent strain, supporting the hypothesis that the evolution of an attenuated virus might have involved branching from EIAV quasispecies.

A G3P[13] porcine group A rotavirus emerging in China is a reassortant and a natural recombinant in the VP4 gene.

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a major cause of serious intestinal disease in piglets. In this study, a novel pig strain was identified in a stool sample from China. The strain was designated RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] and had a G3-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 genome.

Identification of a natural recombinant transmissible gastroenteritis virus between Purdue and Miller clusters in China.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an infective coronavirus (CoV) that causes diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality in piglets. For the first time, a natural recombination strain of a TGEV Anhui Hefei (AHHF) virus between the Purdue and the Miller clusters was isolated from the small intestine content of piglets in China. A phylogenetic tree based on a complete genome sequence placed the TGEV AHHF strain between the Purdue and the Miller clusters.

Silencing of BAG3 promotes the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin via inhibition of autophagy.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal disease among all gynecological malignancies. Interval cytoreductive surgery and cisplatin‑based chemotherapy are the recommended therapeutic strategies. However, acquired resistance to cisplatin remains a big challenge for the overall survival and prognosis in ovarian cancer.

Neutralization of genotype 2 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains by a novel monoclonal antibody.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has two genotypes, G1 and G2. To research the immunogenicity differences of PEDV G1 and G2 genotype strains and obtain a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), we inoculated specific-pathogen-free BALB/c mice with a newly emerged strain, PEDV-LNCT2. After immunizations, cells from the spleen of the mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells.

ORF3a deletion in field strains of porcine-transmissible gastroenteritis virus in China: A hint of association with porcine respiratory coronavirus.

Porcine-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a pathogenic coronavirus responsible for high diarrhoea-associated morbidity and mortality in suckling piglets. We analysed the TGEV ORF3 gene using nested polymerase chain reaction and identified an ORF3a deletion in three field strains of TGEV collected from piglets in China in 2015. Eight TGEV ORF3 sequences were obtained in this study.

Nucleocapsid Interacts with NPM1 and Protects it from Proteolytic Cleavage, Enhancing Cell Survival, and is Involved in PEDV Growth.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but its nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically to the nucleolus. The mechanism of nuclear translocation, and whether N protein associates with particular nucleolar components, is unknown. In this study, we confirm that a nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin (NPM1) interacts and co-localizes with the N protein in the nucleolus.

A pilot study on interaction between donkey tetherin and EIAV stains with different virulent and replication characteristics.

Tetherin (BST-2) is an important host restriction factor that can inhibit the release of a diverse array of enveloped viruses from infected cells. Conversely, to facilitate their release and spread, many viruses have evolved various strategies to overcome the antiviral effect of tetherin in a species-specific manner. During the development of an attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine in our laboratory, we found that serial passage of a field-isolated virulent EIAV strains in horse and donkey as well as the cultivated donkey cells, produces several typical EIAV strains, including EIAV, EIAV, and EIAV, which exhibit distinct virulence and replication features in vivo and in vitro.

Evidence of VP1 of duck hepatitis A type 1 virus as a target of neutralizing antibodies and involving receptor-binding activity.

The VP1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a major target of neutralizing antibodies and is responsible for viral attachment to permissive cells via an RGD motif. VP1 of duck hepatitis A type 1 virus (DHAV-1) does not contain any RGD motif. To investigate the antibody and receptor-binding properties of DHAV-1, VP1 has been expressed as a His fusion protein (His-VP1) in baculovirus system.

Characterization of Two Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Linker Region and Carboxyl Terminal Domain of Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein.

The transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleocapsid (N) protein plays important roles in the replication and translation of viral RNA. The present study provides the first description of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (5E8 and 3D7) directed against the TGEV N protein linker region (LKR) and carboxyl terminal domain (CTD). The mAbs 5E8 and 3D7 reacted with native N protein in western blotting and immunofluorescence assay (IFA).