Review of null hypothesis significance testing in the ophthalmic literature: are most 'significant' P values false positives?

P values associated with null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) are almost universal in the ophthalmic literature. A P value < 0.05 is traditionally considered 'significant'.

Minireview: The androgen receptor in breast tissues: growth inhibitor, tumor suppressor, oncogene?

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling exerts an antiestrogenic, growth-inhibitory influence in normal breast tissue, and this role may be sustained in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive luminal breast cancers. Conversely, AR signaling may promote growth of a subset of ERα-negative, AR-positive breast cancers with a molecular apocrine phenotype. Understanding the molecular mechanisms whereby androgens can elicit distinct gene expression programs and opposing proliferative responses in these two breast cancer phenotypes is critical to the development of new therapeutic strategies to target the AR in breast cancer.

A novel monoclonal antibody (STRO-3) identifies an isoform of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase expressed by multipotent bone marrow stromal stem cells.

Numerous studies support the concept that the nonhemopoietic cells of the bone marrow (BM), are derived from a population of multipotent bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs), which reside in perivascular niches within the bone marrow. These BMSSCs are thought to give rise not only to more cells that are phenotypically and functionally identical but also differentiated, lineage-committed mesenchymal progeny, including chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, and osteoblasts. Recently, we have generated a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) (designated STRO-3) that reacts with a minor subset of STRO-1(+) cells contained within adult BM aspirates and does not react with CD34(+) hemopoietic stem cells.

Human mulipotential mesenchymal/stromal stem cells are derived from a discrete subpopulation of STRO-1bright/CD34 /CD45(-)/glycophorin-A-bone marrow cells.

Magnetic and flow cytometry-based methods were used to characterize clonogenic stromal cells in human bone marrow. STRO-1(bright) stromal cells were found to lack expression of CD34, CD45 and glycophorin-A markers associated with hematopoietic progenitor cells. These studies support the view that these are two distinct stem cell compartments in adult bone marrow.

Multipotential human adipose-derived stromal stem cells exhibit a perivascular phenotype in vitro and in vivo.

Mesenchymal stem-like cells identified in different tissues reside in a perivascular niche. In the present study, we investigated the putative niche of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) using markers, associated with mesenchymal and perivascular cells, including STRO-1, CD146, and 3G5. Immunofluorescence staining of human adipose tissue sections, revealed that STRO-1 and 3G5 co-localized with CD146 to the perivascular regions of blood vessels.