AI-induced indifference: Unfair AI reduces prosociality.

The growing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) in our lives has brought the impact of AI-based decisions on human judgments to the forefront of academic scholarship and public debate. Despite growth in research on people's receptivity towards AI, little is known about how interacting with AI shapes subsequent interactions among people. We explore this question in the context of unfair decisions determined by AI versus humans and focus on the spillover effects of experiencing such decisions on the propensity to act prosocially.

Cost-Effectiveness of Addressing Retinopathy of Prematurity in Rwanda.

Purpose: With the expansion of neonatal care in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an increasing number of premature babies are at risk to develop retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Previous studies have quantified the cost-effectiveness of addressing ROP in middle-income countries, but few have focused on SSA. This study estimates the cost of a national program for ROP screening and anti-VEGF injection treatment in Rwanda compared to the status quo.

Universal Free School Meals and School and Student Outcomes: A Systematic Review.

Importance: The White House National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health included expanding free school meals to all students, regardless of income, which has sparked debate in the United States.

Objective: To assess the association between universal free school meals (UFSMs) and school and student outcomes in the United States.

Evidence Review: An expert panel-informed protocol was developed to evaluate intervention or cohort studies comparing UFSM programs, such as the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), with non-UFSM programs in US schools from August 2012 (excluding 2020-2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in peer-reviewed publications or government reports.

The Dual Nature of Social Media: Examining the Direction of Causal Flow Between Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Use.

The dual (bidirectional) nature of social media suggests that fear-of-missing-out (FOMO) leads to greater social media use (SMU). In turn, higher levels of SMU lead to heightened FOMO. Ironically, individuals use social media to assuage their FOMO but end up with higher levels of FOMO after being exposed to a wide variety of social opportunities, where they may not have been included.

Do intelligent leaders differentiate exchange relationships intelligently? A functional leadership approach to leader-member exchange differentiation.

The burgeoning literature on leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation indicates that differentiating LMX relationships within groups has both benefits and costs when it comes to group effectiveness. Although some clarity is emerging surrounding the null total effect of LMX differentiation on group performance, we still know little about how leaders themselves shape the differentiation process. In this article, we extend theory to suggest that some leaders may differentiate more effectively than others.

Outcomes for Arthroplasties in Military Health: A Retrospective Analysis of Direct Versus Purchased Care.

Introduction: The Department of Defense is reforming the military health system where surgeries are increasingly referred from military treatment facilities (MTFs) with direct care to higher-volume civilian hospitals under purchased care. This shift may have implications on the quality and cost of care for TRICARE beneficiaries. This study examined the impact of care source and surgical volume on perioperative outcomes and cost of total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and total knee arthroplasties (TKAs).

Dark defaults: How choice architecture steers political campaign donations.

In the months before the 2020 U.S. election, several political campaign websites added prechecked boxes (defaults), automatically making all donations into recurring weekly contributions unless donors unchecked them.

When nudges have societal-level impact.

Individual-level research in behavioral science can have massive impact and create system-level changes, as several recent mandates and other policy actions have shown. Although not every nudge creates long-term behavior change, defaults and other forms of choice architecture can not only change individual behavior but also reduce inequities and lead to changes in public policy and norms.

Factors associated with knowledge and use of home pregnancy test kits in Uganda.

Early detection of pregnancy status may help women initiate earlier antenatal care and healthy pregnancy behaviors, which could lead to healthier mothers and infants. Pregnancy tests are inexpensive and easy to use; meanwhile, little attention has been given to understanding women's knowledge and use of home pregnancy tests, especially in developing countries. We analyze cross-sectional data collected from 1,008 women ages 18-35, living in Northern Uganda in 2019, who are most likely to be uncertain about their pregnancy status.

Remote patient monitoring to facilitate same-day discharge after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a pilot evaluation.

Background: Limited hospital inpatient capacity, exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and associated staffing shortages, has driven interest in converting surgeries historically done as inpatient procedures to same-day surgeries (SDS). Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has the potential to increase safety and confidence in SDS but has had mixed success in a bariatric population.

Objectives: Assess the feasibility of and adherence to a protocol offering patients same-day laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) supported by RPM with an updated wearable device.

Prevalence of Buprenorphine Providers Requiring Cash Payment From Insured Women Seeking Opioid Use Disorder Treatment.

Context: Medications for opioid use disorder (OUD) are known to be effective, especially in reducing the risk of overdose death. Yet, many individuals suffering from OUD are not receiving treatment. One potential barrier can be the patient's ability to access providers through their insurance plans.

Novel methods for elucidating modality importance in multimodal electrophysiology classifiers.

Introduction: Multimodal classification is increasingly common in electrophysiology studies. Many studies use deep learning classifiers with raw time-series data, which makes explainability difficult, and has resulted in relatively few studies applying explainability methods. This is concerning because explainability is vital to the development and implementation of clinical classifiers.

Effectiveness of a Culturally Responsive mHealth Gaming Application to Improve Diabetes Health Literacy in India: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a culturally responsive interactive gaming mHealth educational application designed to improve diabetes health literacy among an underserved urban population in India when compared with a traditional approach of verbal education. In addition, relationships between participant sociodemographic variables and participant knowledge were assessed. A randomized controlled trial was conducted using a two-arm parallel, single-blinded intervention and control group design.

Instagram and TikTok Flow States and Their Association with Psychological Well-Being.

Despite their growing popularity, little research has focused on the association between Instagram and TikTok use and psychological well-being. Informed by Uses and Gratifications Theory, the present study investigates the flow states experienced when using each social media platform and whether these flow states differentially impact user well-being. A flow state is achieved when people are so engrossed in an activity that little else seems to matter to them and they will often continue the activity despite its negative consequences.

Understanding US Physician and Pharmacist Attitudes Toward Biosimilar Products: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Biosimilars account for 30-40% of biologic medications dispensed in the United States (US), yet healthcare providers in relevant medical specialties have limited awareness of biosimilars and their characteristics. Likewise, many providers perceive biosimilars as less safe and effective than original biologics and are more comfortable prescribing original biologics to patients.

Methods: We conducted in-person focus groups at three clinical sites in California and Texas (n = 49) to explore the reasons behind US healthcare providers' limited understanding of, cautious attitudes toward, and reluctance to prescribe biosimilars.

Medical decision-making with tables and graphs: The role of cognition, emotions, and analytic thinking.

The shift from one-way to two-way communication in healthcare decision-making has heightened the need to understand the role of display formats including tables and graphs as decision aids. In this paper, we investigate cognitive and affective influences on decision-making involving display formats. We find that a display format's impact on decision quality is mediated by two distinct components of cognition (verbatim and gist knowledge), and that tables compared to bar graphs improve decision quality.

Comparison of outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation following home versus non-home discharge.

As more patients undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), knowledge of 1-year mortality and associated factors becomes increasingly important. After other cardiac procedures, discharge location has been shown to be associated with 1-year mortality. We examined outcomes of TAVI patients discharged home vs an extended care facility (ECF).

Does educational attainment promote job satisfaction? The bittersweet trade-offs between job resources, demands, and stress.

Education is considered one of the most critical human capital investments. But does formal educational attainment "pay off" in terms of job satisfaction? To answer this question, in Study 1 we use a meta-analytic technique to examine the correlation between educational attainment and job satisfaction (k = 74, N = 134,924) and find an effect size close to zero. We then build on the job demands-resources (JD-R) model and research that distinguishes between working conditions and perceived stress to theorize that educational attainment involves notable trade-offs.

Mobile Health to Improve Hypertension and Diabetes Health Literacy Among Asian Indian Migrants to Hong Kong.

The use of mobile technologies to improve health outcomes or mobile health is rapidly evolving, and culturally relevant resources are needed to address health disparities among vulnerable populations. Noncommunicable disease health disparities among Asian Indian migrants to Hong Kong are prevalent. A mobile health application designed to improve hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus health literacy was tested using a mixed-methods design to determine its impact on improving health literacy among this subpopulation.

Influence of Hospital Characteristics on Hospital Transfer Destinations for Patients With Stroke.

Background: Patients with stroke are frequently transferred between hospitals. This may have implications on the quality of care received by patients; however, it is not well understood how the characteristics of sending and receiving hospitals affect the likelihood of a transfer event. Our objective was to identify hospital characteristics associated with sending and receiving patients with stroke.

Does Veteran Status Mitigate Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer Screening? Analysis of Prostate Specific Antigen Screening Patterns in the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data.

Purpose: We examined the effect of veteran status on prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening and whether health coverage available to veterans mitigates racial disparities in PSA screening.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) men aged between 55 and 69 years who responded to the PSA screening survey in the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Complex weighted logistic regression models were used to evaluate predictors of PSA screening.