Scalp and Forehead Reconstruction following Mohs Micrographic Surgery.

For proper reconstruction of scalp and forehead defects following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), knowledge of the unique anatomy and aesthetic importance of these structures is necessary to restore function and appearance. However, the inflexibility, convexity, and hair-bearing nature of the scalp and forehead can make reconstruction challenging. Detailed planning and precise management are essential to achieve adequate reconstructive results.

Convergent evolution has led to the loss of claw proteins in snakes and worm lizards.

The evolution of cornified skin appendages, such as hair, feathers and claws, is closely linked to the evolution of proteins that establish the unique mechanical stability of these epithelial structures. We hypothesized that the evolution of the limbless body anatomy of the Florida worm lizard (Rhineura floridana) and the concomitant loss of claws had led to the degeneration of genes with claw-associated functions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the evolution of three gene families implicated in epithelial cell architecture, namely type I keratins, type II keratins and genes of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) in R.

ZO-1 boosts the in vitro self-renewal of pre-haematopoietic stem cells from OCT4-reprogrammed human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells through cytoskeleton remodeling.

Background: The challenge of expanding haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro has limited their clinical application. Human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHFMSCs) can be reprogrammed to generate intermediate stem cells by transducing OCT4 (hHFMSCs) and pre-inducing with FLT3LG/SCF, and differentiated into erythrocytes. These intermediate cells exhibit gene expression patterns similar to pre-HSCs, making them promising for artificial haematopoiesis.

Dominant effect of a single amino acid mutation in the motor domain of myosin VI on hearing in mice.

An unconventional myosin, myosin VI gene (MYO6), contributes to recessive and dominant hearing loss in humans and mice. The Kumamoto shaker/waltzer (ksv) mouse is a model of deafness resulting from a splice-site mutation in Myo6. While ksv/ksv homozygous mice are deaf due to cochlear hair cell stereocilia fusion at the neonatal stage, the hearing phenotypes of ksv/+ heterozygous mice have been less clear.

Pararamosis, a Neglected Tropical Disease Induced by Caterpillar Toxins: Investigating Their Effects on Synovial Cell Inflammation.

Pararamosis, also known as Pararama-associated phalangeal periarthritis, is a neglected tropical disease primarily affecting rubber tappers in the Amazon region. It is caused by contact with the urticating hairs of the moth caterpillar, which resides in rubber plantations. The condition is marked by the thickening of the articular synovial membrane and cartilage impairment, features associated with chronic synovitis.

CD4 T Cells Occupy Perivascular and Perifollicular Niches in Healthy Human Skin.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialised T lymphocytes that sit at the nexus of immune regulation and tissue repair. While it is appreciated that a substantial number of Tregs are present in healthy human skin, less is known about their microanatomic spatial localisation. Knowledge about the specialised niches that Tregs occupy may aid in rational drug development to treat dermatologic diseases.

Harvest of Vestibular End-Organs under Physiologic Conditions during Labyrinthectomy.

The living human inner ear is challenging to study because it is encased within dense otic capsule bone that limits access to biological tissue. Traditional temporal bone histopathology methods rely on lengthy, expensive decalcification protocols that take 9-10 months and reduce the types of tissue analysis possible due to RNA degradation. There is a critical need to develop methods to access fresh human inner ear tissue to better understand otologic diseases, such as Ménière's disease, at the cellular and molecular level.

Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Acne Vulgaris: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches.

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the hair follicle-sebaceous gland unit and is the most common skin disorder worldwide. Although it can occur at any age, it predominantly affects young individuals, manifesting as comedones, papules, pustules, cysts, and nodules, primarily in the sebaceous-rich areas of the face, often in a symmetrical distribution. The development of acne vulgaris is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including sun exposure, skincare habits, diet, sleep patterns, and psychological stress, all of which can induce or exacerbate the condition.

Early antibiotic exposure and risk of psychiatric and neurocognitive outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The prenatal and early-life periods pose a crucial neurodevelopmental window whereby disruptions to the intestinal microbiota and the developing brain may have adverse impacts. As antibiotics affect the human intestinal microbiome, it follows that early-life antibiotic exposure may be associated with later-life psychiatric or neurocognitive outcomes.

Aims: To explore the association between early-life (in utero and early childhood (age 0-2 years)) antibiotic exposure and the subsequent risk of psychiatric and neurocognitive outcomes.

An eGFP-Col4a2 mouse model reveals basement membrane dynamics underlying hair follicle morphogenesis.

Precisely controlled remodeling of the basement membrane (BM) is crucial for morphogenesis, but its molecular and tissue-level dynamics, underlying mechanisms, and functional significance in mammals remain largely unknown due to limited visualization tools. We developed mouse lines in which the endogenous collagen IV gene (Col4a2) was fused with a fluorescent tag. Through live imaging of developing hair follicles, we reveal a spatial gradient in the turnover rate of COL4A2 that is closely coupled with both the BM expansion rate and the proliferation rate of epithelial progenitors.

Impact of repeated intranasal gentamicin irrigation on auditory brainstem evoked potentials in rats.

Gentamicin is a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic that broadly targets Gram-negative microbes. Both human and animal studies have shown that administration of gentamicin is ototoxic by several routes of administration and results in sensorineural hearing loss due to damaged hair cell at the base of the cochlea. However, gentamicin is also administered intranasally to treat sinusitis in humans, but no animal studies have examined ototoxicity of gentamicin administered via this route.

Impacts of an environmental ototoxic pollutant on fish fighting behaviors.

Numerous environmental pollutants exhibit ototoxicity and cause damage to the lateral line structures in fish, including the neuromast and its hair cells. The lateral line is used to detect hydrodynamic changes and is thought to play a significant role in aggressive interactions. Fighting behaviors in fish are crucial for establishing social hierarchy and obtaining limited resources.

Dermoid Cyst of Conjunctival Origin Attached to the Tarsus in a Pediatric Patient.

Dermoid cysts of cutaneous origin are common orbital lesions, whereas dermoid cysts of conjunctival origin are rare. The authors present a case of a dermoid cyst of conjunctival origin that was attached to the tarsus in a pediatric patient. A 2-year-old boy presented to the clinic with an approximately 2 cm in diameter mobile nodule in the upper eyelid on the temporal side that distorted the eyelid architecture with temporal ptosis.

The effect of platelet-derived growth factor-aa (PDGFA) conjugated with low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP) on hair loss improvement effect.

Platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGFA) is known to play an important role in hair loss and hair growth by involving in the anagen phase of the hair follicle growth cycle. In this study, we synthesized skin-permeable recombinant low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP)-conjugated PDGFA (LMWP-PDGFA) by linking LMWP to the N terminus of PDGFA. We evaluated the hair loss improvement effect, wound healing efficacy, and skin permeability of LMWP-PDGFA.

Archaeodiacyclops, new genus with "archaic" features (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopoida), with description of new species from water bodies of northern Sakhalin Island.

Representatives of freshwater cyclopid Archaeodiacyclops okhensis gen. nov., sp.

New insights into the structural role of EMILINs within the human skin microenvironment.

Supramolecular extracellular matrix (ECM) networks play an essential role in skin architecture and function. Elastin microfibril interface-located proteins (EMILINs) comprise a family of three extracellular glycoproteins that serve as essential structural components of the elastin/fibrillin microfibril network, and exert crucial functions in cellular signaling. Little is known about the structural nature of EMILIN networks in skin.

Evaluating Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Scarring Alopecia: A Systematic Review.

Scarring alopecia, also known as cicatricial alopecia, is a group of hair loss disorders characterized by inflammatory destruction of hair follicles, leading to hair loss and scar tissue formation. Treating scarring alopecia is challenging due to the irreversible damage caused by the inflammatory process. Consequently, early intervention targeting inflammation is crucial for improving prognosis.

The potassium channel subunit K1.8 () is essential for the distinctive outwardly rectifying conductances of type I and II vestibular hair cells.

In amniotes, head motions and tilt are detected by two types of vestibular hair cells (HCs) with strikingly different morphology and physiology. Mature type I HCs express a large and very unusual potassium conductance, g, which activates negative to resting potential, confers very negative resting potentials and low input resistances, and enhances an unusual non-quantal transmission from type I cells onto their calyceal afferent terminals. Following clues pointing to K1.