A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of desipramine for treating ADHD.

This review article systematically and critically summarizes the current evidence regarding desipramine for treating children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PRISMA guideline was used for gathering the data. The databases of PubMed/Medline and Google scholar were electronically searched.

Molecular hydrogen: an overview of its neurobiological effects and therapeutic potential for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Hydrogen gas is a bioactive molecule that has a diversity of effects, including anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties; these overlap with the process of neuroprogression in major psychiatric disorders. Specifically, both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are associated with increased oxidative and inflammatory stress. Moreover, lithium which is commonly administered for treating bipolar disorder has effects on oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways, as do valproate and some atypical antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia.

N-acetylcysteine versus placebo for treating nail biting, a double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial.

Nail biting is a common behavioral problem. While there are established behavioral interventions for management, they are of modest efficacy, and there is minimal evidence for effective pharmacotherapy. This study investigated the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) a potent glutathione and glutamate modulator for the treatment of pathological nail biting in children and adolescents.

A symptom profile analysis of depression in a sample of Iranian patients.

Background: In some cultures, including ours, direct explanation of inner psychic world is inhibited and stigmatized, therefore finding alternative modes of expression. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the frequency of somatization in the depressed patients.

Methods: The present study comprised 500 patients referred to the outpatient clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and diagnosed with major depressive disorders based on DSM-IV-TR.

Treatment of bruxism with hydroxyzine.

Objective: Bruxism or sleep jaw clenching and grinding of the teeth is an unresolved area in dentistry, psychiatry, and medicine. While many therapeutic approaches are introduced, nearly all of them are not effective or some of them are invasive approach. Three children with sleep bruxism treated with hydroxyzine are reported.

Clock face drawing test performance in children with ADHD.

Introduction: The utility and discriminatory pattern of the clock face drawing test in ADHD is unclear. This study therefore compared Clock Face Drawing test performance in children with ADHD and controls.

Methods: 95 school children with ADHD and 191 other children were matched for gender ratio and age.

Efficacy and adverse effects of venlafaxine in children and adolescents with ADHD: a systematic review of non-controlled and controlled trials.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents. Stimulants are commonly prescribed for ADHD management. There is clinical trial evidence that some medications with noradrenergic properties such as atomoxetine are effective.

A review of somatoform disorders in DSM-IV and somatic symptom disorders in proposed DSM-V.

Psychiatric care providers should be trained to use current changes in the somatoform disorders criteria. New diagnostic criteria for Somatic Symptom disorders in the proposed DSM-V is discussed and compared with its older counterpart in DSM-IV. A new category called Somatic Syndrome Disorders is suggested.

Targeting the mitochondrial electron transport chain in autism, a systematic review and synthesis of a novel therapeutic approach.

Autism is a complex developmental disorder with an unknown etiology and without any curative treatment. The mitochondrial electron transfer chains play a major role in the production of ATP, and the generation and management of reactive oxidative stress (ROS). This paper is a systematic review of the role of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in autism, and a consequent hypothesis for treating autism is synthesized.

Atomoxetine for treating ADHD symptoms in autism: a systematic review.

Objective: This study systematically reviews the current literature on the administration of atomoxetine for treating children and adolescents with comorbidity on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ADHD.

Method: PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases were electronically searched to find the published trials on atomoxetine and ASD.

Results: Six articles reported the clinical trials of atomoxetine for treatment of ADHD symptoms in patients with autism or pervasive development disorders.

Malondialdehyde, Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase may mediate the association of sonic hedgehog protein and oxidative stress in autism.

Sonic hedgehog signaling and brain-derived neurotrophic factor play a neuro-protective role against oxidative stress in autism. Sonic hedgehog also increases Bcl-2 expression and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The level or activity of Bcl-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are decreased in autism.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction: Studies comparing the antidepressant effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have reported mixed results. This study compared the efficacy of rTMS and ECT in adult patients with refractory major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: This randomized, ECT-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial analyzed the antidepressant effects of ECT and rTMS in 73 patients with MDD diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria.

Parents reported oral sensory sensitivity processing and food preference in ADHD.

Oral sensory processing in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an area with limited research. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms usually co-occur with ADHD. This study investigates the association of oral sensory processing problems with ODD and SAD symptoms in children with ADHD.

Could fever and neuroinflammation play a role in the neurobiology of autism? A subject worthy of more research.

Autism is neuropsychiatric disorder in which a hyperglutamate state may play a role. It is suggested here that fever or hyperthermia may be able to alter glutamate levels in the brain and may therefore be able to impact on the symptoms of autism. More study on this possibility is clearly warranted.

Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD, a systematic review.

One of the most common psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its course and outcome are heterogeneous. Sensory processing problems impact the nature of response to daily events.

Are parent-reported repetitive and restricted behaviours associated with psychological problems in pre-school-aged children?

This study surveys the association of restricted and repetitive behaviours in pre-school children with their emotional and behavioural problems. Parents of 504 pre-school children selected by cluster sampling participated and filled in the questionnaires including repetitive and restricted behaviour (RRB) scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The parents reported repetitive and restrictive behaviours are gender-related in pre-school-aged children.

Can tactile sensory processing differentiate between children with autistic disorder and asperger's disorder?

Objective: There are debates whether autistic disorder (autism) and Asperger's disorder are two distinct disorders. Moreover, interventional sensory occupational therapy should consider the clinical characteristics of patients. Already, commonalities and differences between Asperger's disorder and autistic disorder are not well studied.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in imprisoned individuals--a review.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders with lifelong impact of the affected individuals. It is usually co-morbid with other psychiatric disorders. This paper aims to review current knowledge about ADHD in imprisoned individuals.

Nail biting; etiology, consequences and management.

Nail biting (NB) is a common, but unresolved, problem in psychiatry, psychology, medicine and dentistry. While it seems that NB is a simple behavior that can be stopped easily, many of the children with NB have already tried to stop it, but they have not been successful. The frustrations due to failed attempt involve others such as parents and siblings.

Overlap of ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder DSM-IV derived criteria.

Objective: One possible reason for being controversies regarding ADHD may be related to the validity and reliability of diagnostic criteria of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Diagnostic criteria of oppositional defiant disorder include eight symptoms. This study examines the factor structure of oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, its discriminant validity from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, its convergent validity and internal reliability.

Prevalence of nail biting and its association with mental health in a community sample of children.

Background: This study evaluates onychophagia or nail biting (NB) prevalence and association with mental health of a community sample of children from Shiraz, Iran.

Findings: The parents of 743 primary school children, selected by random sampling, reported NB behavior of their children and themselves. Children's mental health problem was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Targeting of glycine site on NMDA receptor as a possible new strategy for autism treatment.

The exact pathophysiology of the neurodevelopment disorder of autism is not clear and there is not any curative approach for it. There is only one FDA-approved medication for its management. Therefore, providing of novel treatments is highly required.