The importance of microbiology reference laboratories and adequate funding for infectious disease surveillance.

Microbiology reference laboratories perform a crucial role within public health systems. This role was especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Viewpoint, we emphasise the importance of microbiology reference laboratories and highlight the types of digital data and expertise they provide, which benefit national and international public health.

Serotype distribution of remaining invasive pneumococcal disease after extensive use of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis.

Background: Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has reduced vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We describe the serotype distribution of IPD after extensive use of ten-valent PCV (PCV10; Synflorix, GSK) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13; Prevenar 13, Pfizer) globally.

Methods: IPD data were obtained from surveillance sites participating in the WHO-commissioned Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project that exclusively used PCV10 or PCV13 (hereafter PCV10 and PCV13 sites, respectively) in their national immunisation programmes and had primary series uptake of at least 70%.

Global impact of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in all ages (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis.

Background: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) that are ten-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) became available in 2010. We evaluated their global impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence in all ages.

Methods: Serotype-specific IPD cases and population denominators were obtained directly from surveillance sites using PCV10 or PCV13 in their national immunisation programmes and with a primary series uptake of at least 50%.

ANALYSIS OF 3D STRUCTURE OF THE PROTEIN OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY HOMOLOGY MODELLING HELPS IN PREDICTING BINDING SITES FOR SUBSTRATE, LEADS TO DESIGN ANTIBIOTIC.

Background: Haemophilus influenza persists as a well-known root of ill health in children throughout the entire world. Before the introduction of the vaccine, Haemophilus influenza remained a well-known and eminent source of septic arthritis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides, and staphylococcus pneumonia spreads through respiratory droplets and cause diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and other secondary infections related to respiratory diseases.

Infections in sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the commonest severe inherited disorders in the world. Infection accounts for a significant amount of the morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub- Saharan Africa, but is relatively poorly studied and characterized. Patients with SCD have significant immunodeficiency and are more likely to suffer severe and life-threatening complications of infection, and additionally infections can trigger complications of SCD itself.

Haemophilus influenzae serotype a meningitis in an elderly patient: A case report and literature review.

is a gram-negative bacterium that encompasses a diverse group of strains with varying pathogenic potentials. Classified into six serotypes (a-f), it has been historically associated with a range of infections, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, meningitis, and others. Of particular significance is type b (Hib), which was a leading cause of invasive diseases in children prior to the introduction of the Hib vaccine.

Global Meningococcal Initiative: Insights on antibiotic resistance, control strategies and advocacy efforts in Western Europe.

In Western Europe, many countries have robust and well-established surveillance systems and case reporting mechanisms. IMD incidence across Western Europe is low with a predominance of meningococcal serogroup B (MenB). Case confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is often standardised in this region, with many countries also having robust vaccination programmes in place.

Global Case Fatality of Bacterial Meningitis During an 80-Year Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Importance: The impact of vaccination, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory treatment on pathogen distribution and outcome of bacterial meningitis over the past century is uncertain.

Objective: To describe worldwide pathogen distribution and case fatality ratios of community-acquired bacterial meningitis.

Data Sources: Google Scholar and MEDLINE were searched in January 2022 using the search terms bacterial meningitis and mortality.