Anatomy of the Eustachian Tube.

The eustachian tube consists of 2 compartments: the Rüdinger's safety canal and the auxiliary gap. It is surrounded by a cartilaginous wall on the craniomedial side and a membranous wall on the inferolateral side. The eustachian tube cartilage is firmly attached to the skull base by the lateral and the medial suspensory ligaments, which are separated by the medial Ostmann fat pad.

The Interdisciplinary Management of Acute Chest Pain.

Background: Acute chest pain of non-traumatic origin is a common reason for presentation to physician's offices and emergency rooms. Coronary heart disease is the cause in up to 25% of cases. Because acute chest pain, depending on its etiology, may be associated with a high risk of death, rapid, goal-oriented management is mandatory.

Vitamin D inhibits ovarian cancer cell line proliferation in combination with celecoxib and suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

Background: Vitamin D exhibits multiple anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating actions. Prostaglandin-(PG)E2 is a tumor-promoting tissue hormone anabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Recently, a link between the PG and vitamin D metabolism was reported.

Combined treatment of breast cancer cell lines with vitamin D and COX-2 inhibitors.

Background: Vitamin D is known for its anti-cancerogenous potential. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proliferation and inflammation activating agent. The production of PGE2 is dependent on the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines for treatment of paediatric HIV-1 infection 2015: optimizing health in preparation for adult life.

The 2015 Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) guidelines provide practical recommendations on the management of HIV-1 infection in children in Europe and are an update to those published in 2009. Aims of treatment have progressed significantly over the last decade, moving far beyond limitation of short-term morbidity and mortality to optimizing health status for adult life and minimizing the impact of chronic HIV infection on immune system development and health in general. Additionally, there is a greater need for increased awareness and minimization of long-term drug toxicity.

Disruption of SOX6 is associated with a rapid-onset dopa-responsive movement disorder, delayed development, and dysmorphic features.

Background: Sox6 is a transcription factor that is crucial for the differentiation and development of cortical interneurons and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compact. Loss-of-function mutations might thus result in complex paroxysmal diseases such as epilepsy syndromes or movement disorders.

Patient: We present a 15-year-old boy with delayed speech development and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who presented with a rapid-onset generalized dopa-responsive dystonia.

First clinical experiences with a direct acoustic cochlear stimulator in comparison to preoperative fitted conventional hearing aids.

Objective: Patients with moderate-to-severe mixed hearing losses (MHLs) are hard to provide sufficient benefit with currently available conventional hearing aids. Here, the long-term safety of a direct acoustic cochlear stimulator (DACS) and the effectiveness compared with conventional "high-performance" hearing aids were investigated.

Study Design: Prospective, within patient reference, nonrandomized, interventional multicenter clinical study performed at these 3 centers: Medical University Hannover, University of Heidelberg, and Helios Hospital Krefeld.

Peritoneal enterobiasis causing endometriosis-like symptoms.

Purpose: Enterobiasis is the most common parasitic disease of the temperate zones and infects the human intestinal tract. In rare cases extraintestinal infections with Enterobius vermicularis may occur and can affect the female genital tract and peritoneal cavity. In most cases the infection is asymptomatic, but there are also cases described in which peritoneal enterobiasis can cause abdominal pain.

Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva.

Malignant tumors of the vulva soft tissue are uncommon. About 1-3% are sarcomas. They can be mistaken as benign lesions, leading to misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Immunhistochemical analysis for expression of calpain 1, calpain 2 and calpastatin in ovarian cancer.

Calpains, also called calcium activated neutral proteases (CANP), are expressed ubiquitously. They are intracellular, non-lysosomal cytoplasmic cysteine endopeptidases. Calcium is required for their activation.

Vitamin D receptor expression in patients with vulvar cancer.

The anticarcinogenic potential of vitamin D is attributed to antiproliferative and prodifferentiative effects on cells for a wide variety of carcinomas. The biological effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D (calcitriol) are mediated through a soluble receptor protein termed vitamin D receptor (VDR). However, thus far there have been no studies evaluating the association between VDR expression and vulvar cancer.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with vulvar cancer.

Background: The anticarcinogenic potential of vitamin D 25(OH)D has been attributed to the inhibition of proliferation of cells from different carcinomas. Reduced serum levels of 25(OH)D are associated with an increased incidence of various types of cancer. The influence of serum 25(OH)D on the incidence and outcome of patients with vulvar cancer is unknown.

Contralateral metastasis of parotid gland in advanced breast cancer with peripheral facial paralysis.

Purpose: Malignant tumors of the parotid gland are very rare. Until now there have only been a few reported cases of patients with distant metastasis of breast cancer in the parotid gland. This case shows the rarity of the disease.

Management of recurrence from a retroperitoneal xanthogranuloma: case report.

Xanthogranulomas from the retroperitoneal space are rare. To our knowledge only a few cases have been reported in the literature in the retroperitoneal space. In this report, the authors present the case of a 24-year-old woman with a recurrence of this rare tumor.

Immunhistochemical analysis for expression of calpain 1, calpain 2 and calpastatin in endometrial cancer.

Background: Calpains (CAPN) are intracellular, non-lysosomal cytoplasmic cysteine endopeptidases and they are expressed ubiquitously. Their endogenous specific inhibitor is calpastatin. When calcium is present, calpastatin and calpain attach to each other, inhibiting the protease.