The balance of interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 determines the bias of MAIT1 versus MAIT17 responses during bacterial infection.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a major subset of innate-like T cells mediating protection against bacterial infection through recognition of microbial metabolites derived from riboflavin biosynthesis. Mouse MAIT cells egress from the thymus as two main subpopulations with distinct functions, namely, T-bet-expressing MAIT1 and RORγt-expressing MAIT17 cells. Previously, we reported that inducible T-cell costimulator and interleukin (IL)-23 provide essential signals for optimal MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-dependent activation and expansion of MAIT17 cells in vivo.

Severity distribution and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: baseline results of an observational study.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) receives low awareness and is undertreated in China. Understanding the burden and treatment of COPD across the nation is important for improving quality of care for this disease. This study aims to reveal the current situation of COPD severity distribution and management across China.

Genomic and immunological profiles of small-cell lung cancer between East Asians and Caucasian.

The characterization of immunological and genomic differences in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) between East Asian (EA) and Caucasian patients can reveal important clinical therapies for EA patients with SCLC. By sequencing and analyzing a molecular and immunological dataset of 98-SCLC patients of EA ancestry, immunogenicity, including DNA damage repair alterations and tumor mutation burden (TMB), was found to be significantly higher in the EA cohort than in the Caucasian cohort. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was the signaling signature with the predominant frequency of mutations across all patients in the EA cohort.

A Comparison of the Performances of Artificial Intelligence System and Radiologists in the Ultrasound Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules.

Aims: The purpose of this paper is to prospectively evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) system in diagnosing thyroid nodules and to assess its potential value in comparison with the performance of radiologists with different levels of experience, as well as the factors affecting its diagnostic accuracy.

Background: In recent years, medical imaging diagnosis using AI has become a popular topic in clinical application research.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an AI system in diagnosing thyroid nodules and compare it with the performance levels of different radiologists.

Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy Integrated Non-intubated Uniportal VATS in Localization and Resection of Pulmonary Nodules.

Background: With the development of computed tomography, the detection rate of pulmonary nodules is increasing. Accurate localization, minimally invasive resection, and rapid recovery are the most concentrated issues in modern thoracic surgery. However, some traditional procedures, including CT-guided localization and general intubated anesthesia, might prolong the operation and postoperative recovery.

Research advances and clinical management of bronchiectasis: Chinese perspective.

Bronchiectasis is a debilitating chronic suppurative airway disease that confers a substantial burden globally. Despite the notable prevalence, research on bronchiectasis in mainland China remains in its infancy. Nevertheless, there has been a significant leap in the quantity and quality of research, which has contributed to the ever-improving clinical practice.

5-methylcytosine RNA methylation regulators affect prognosis and tumor microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: Accumulating evidence has shown that 5-methylcytosinec (m5C) RNA methylation plays an essential role in tumorigenesis. However, the roles of m5C regulators in the prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME), and immunotherapy responses of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been fully analyzed.

Methods: Based on 14 m5C RNA regulators, we evaluated the m5C RNA modification patterns in patients with LUAD (n=594) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Impaired AT2 to AT1 cell transition in PM2.5-induced mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is one of the most important air pollutant, and it is positively associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

A urinary proteomic landscape of COVID-19 progression identifies signaling pathways and therapeutic options.

Signaling pathway alterations in COVID-19 of living humans as well as therapeutic targets of the host proteins are not clear. We analyzed 317 urine proteomes, including 86 COVID-19, 55 pneumonia and 176 healthy controls, and identified specific RNA virus detector protein DDX58/RIG-I only in COVID-19 samples. Comparison of the COVID-19 urinary proteomes with controls revealed major pathway alterations in immunity, metabolism and protein localization.

Erratum for Exposure to Concentrated Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Induces Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction via miR-21.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19868.

End-to-side anastomosis in complex tracheal resection and reconstruction: a case series study.

Background: The development of current anesthetic and surgical techniques has increased the success rate of complex tracheal resection and reconstruction. End-to-end anastomosis is the prevailing method, while the end-to-side approach has also been reported to be practical and suitable. The current study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of the end-to-side anastomosis method in specific cases.

PM2.5 induces pulmonary microvascular injury in COPD via METTL16-mediated m6A modification.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is a significant cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the detailed mechanisms involved in COPD remain unclear. In this study, we established PM2.

Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosing Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Study.

Accurate identification of pathogens is essential for the diagnosis and control of infections. We aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and conventional detection methods (CDM) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). We retrospectively analyzed 107 LTRs with suspected infection of pulmonary, blood, central nervous system or chest wall between March 2018 and November 2020.

N-methylguanosine tRNA modification promotes tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through WNT/β-catenin pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Treatment selections are very limited for patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) experiencing disease progression. Uncovering mechanisms underlying NPC progression is crucial for the development of novel treatments. Here we show that N-methylguanosine (mG) tRNA modification enzyme METTL1 and its partner WDR4 are significantly elevated in NPC and are associated with poor prognosis.

Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy for resectable, locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (NIC-ESCC2019): A multicenter, phase 2 study.

Optimal treatment for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is controversial, especially in the context of potential benefit of combining PD-1 blockade with neoadjuvant therapy. This phase 2 study aimed to assess neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy in this population. Patients (clinical stage II-IVA) received two cycles of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NIC) with camrelizumab (200 mg on day 1) plus nab-paclitaxel (260 mg/m in total on day 1 and day 8) and cisplatin (75 mg/m in total on days 1-3) of each 21-day cycle.

Effects of Non-intubated Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery on Patients With Pulmonary Dysfunction.

Non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery (NIVATS) can be safely performed in lung volume reduction surgery for patients with severe pulmonary dysfunction. However, there is still no cohort observation on the effects of NIVATS on patients with pulmonary dysfunction undergoing different types of thoracic procedures. This retrospective study aimed to observe the effects of NIVATS for this kind of patients.

Decreased Systemic and Airway Sirtuin 1 Expression in Adults With Bronchiectasis.

Whether accelerated aging, reflected by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression, is implicated in bronchiectasis remains largely unknown. We sought to determine the patterns of SIRT1 and other aging markers in systemic circulation and airways and their expression levels associated with bronchiectasis severity and exacerbation. We enrolled 132 patients with bronchiectasis and 50 healthy subjects in a prospective cohort study to profile aging markers in systemic circulation and recruited 36 patients with bronchiectasis and 32 disease controls (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or tumors) in a cross-sectional study to profile aging markers in bronchial epithelium of both large-to-medium and small airways.

Application of indocyanine green injection guided by electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in localization of pulmonary nodules.

Background: Accurate localization of pulmonary nodules becomes a crucial step in diagnosis and treatment. However, the efficacy and accuracy of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB)-guided localization with indocyanine green (ICG) injection for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lung resection remain unclear.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed that patients who had small pulmonary nodules and underwent lung resection after ENB-guided localization were included from Oct 2018 to Mar 2021.

Comparison of first-generation EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and icotinib) as adjuvant therapy in resected NSCLC patients with sensitive EGFR mutations.

Background: Several randomized controlled trials have suggested that adjuvant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were associated with prolonged disease-free survival (DFS) in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients after radical resection, comparing with chemotherapy or placebo. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of different first-generation EGFR-TKIs as adjuvant treatment in real-world setting.

Methods: Early-stage EGFR mutated NSCLC patients who underwent radical resection and treated with first-generation EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, icotinib) as adjuvant therapy between Feb 2010 and Jan 2019 were retrieved from a prospectively-maintained database in our center.

Molecular Characterization of the Clinical and Tumor Immune Microenvironment Signature of 5-methylcytosine-Related Regulators in non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification, among which 5-methylcytosine methylation (5mC) is generally associated with tumorigenesis. Nonetheless, the potential roles of 5mC regulators in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain unclear. The 5mC modification patterns of 1,374 lung adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed systematically.

Culture and establishment of self-renewing human liver 3D organoids with high uric acid for screening antihyperuricemic functional compounds.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disease caused by disorders of purine metabolism, the prevalence of which has increased worldwide. At present, most drugs aimed at lowering uric acid have toxic side effects, and in vitro screening of uric acid-lowering active substances are inefficient. Here, a long-term 3D human liver organoid culture system with high uric acid for screening and evaluating the efficacy of uric acid-lowering functional compounds.

Establishment of a 3D hyperuricemia model based on cultured human liver organoids.

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder caused by abnormal purine metabolism, the prevalence of which has increased worldwide. Here, a 3D organoid culture system for mimicking HUA in vitro was established using cultured human liver organoids. Liver organoids can be generated from single hepatocytes and passaged for several months, retaining key morphological features, functional purine metabolism and global gene expression profile.