Copper homeostasis; A rapier between mycobacteria and macrophages.

Copper is a vital trace element crucial for mediating interactions between and macrophages. Within these immune cells, copper modulates oxidative stress responses and signaling pathways, enhancing macrophage immune functions and facilitating clearance. Conversely, copper may promote escape from macrophages through various mechanisms: inhibiting macrophage activity, diminishing phagocytic and bactericidal capacities, and supporting survival and proliferation.