Clinical impact of an explainable machine learning with amino acid PET imaging: application to the diagnosis of aggressive glioma.

Purpose: Radiomics-based machine learning (ML) models of amino acid positron emission tomography (PET) images have shown efficiency in glioma prediction tasks. However, their clinical impact on physician interpretation remains limited. This study investigated whether an explainable radiomics model modifies nuclear physicians' assessment of glioma aggressiveness at diagnosis.

Chapter 10: WHAT PARATHYROID IMAGING IS REQUIRED FOR HYPERPARATHYROIDISM?

In over 80% of cases, primary hyperparathyroidism results from hypersecretion of PTH by a single parathyroid adenoma. Multi-glandular involvement, combining adenoma and/or hyperplasia in varying proportions, is also possible, although less frequent. When the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism is certain and surgery is envisaged, imaging is useful for locating the hyperfunctioning gland or glands.

Organoids, organs-on-chips, complex in vitro model: Definitions, applications, validation, ethics.

Over the past decade, new in vitro biological models have emerged which can reproduce certain characteristics of human physiology and pathologies. From organoids to organs-on-chips, these new technologies are currently revolutionizing the entire chain of research and development in pharmacology. All stakeholders are thus involved, from academic laboratories to pharmaceutical companies, start-ups, and assessment agencies.

Vacuolar myopathy with monoclonal gammopathy and stiffness (VAMMGAS).

Background: Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) has been reported in association with numerous neurological disorders but the spectrum of MG-associated myopathies remains poorly described.

Objective: To report a newly acquired myopathy associated with MG.

Methods: Three adult patients with the same phenotype from two French referral centers were prospectively analyzed.

Fifteen-year experience of direct bridge with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to heart transplantation.

Objective: The study objective was to evaluate outcomes of patients directly bridged with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to heart transplantation.

Methods: A single-center retrospective study was performed on 1152 adult patients undergoing isolated cardiac transplantation between January 2007 and December 2021. Among these, patients bridged with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to transplantation (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group, n = 317) were compared with standard cohorts of patients (no extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group, n = 835).

Model to explain dental visit for children aged 0 to 5: Scoping review of birth cohorts.

Introduction: Health services accessibility is a multidimensional concept. An early-life dental visit could improve child dental health. Through birth cohorts, it is possible to identify health conditions and pathways of exposure that occur earlier in life.

Exome Sequencing of Fetuses With Intracranial Hemorrhage Unravels Novel Causative Genes and an Extreme Genetic Heterogeneity.

Objective: Fetal intracranial hemorrhage (FICH) is a rare and potentially deleterious condition. Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and pathogenic variations in COL4A1/A2 genes are well-recognized causes of FICH. However, pathogenic COL4A1/A2 variations are identified in only 20% of fetuses referred for FICH after excluding other known causes, leaving the majority unexplained and making genetic counseling difficult.

Effects of intravascular administration of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from Wharton's Jelly of the umbilical cord on systemic immunomodulation and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TRAUMACELL): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Treatments for TBI patients are limited and none has been shown to provide prolonged and long-term neuroprotective or neurorestorative effects. A growing body of evidence suggests a link between TBI-induced neuro-inflammation and neurodegenerative post-traumatic disorders.

What is the true target population for biologics in real-life COPD or asthma-COPD overlap patients?

Introduction: Biologics provide significant benefits in asthma, reducing exacerbations and symptoms. Some biologics have shown promising results in small subgroups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and frequent exacerbations. Nevertheless, real-life data on the size of the COPD target population remain scarce.

Nasal High Flow to Modulate Dyspnea in Orally Intubated Patients.

Rationale: High flow therapy reduces dyspnea in acute respiratory failure but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated.

Objectives: To compare dyspnea, airway occlusion pressure (P) and inspiratory work with and without nasal high flow (NHF, FiO 21%, temperature 31°C) in intubated patients under pressure support ventilation and during a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT).

Methods: Dyspnea (numerical rating scale, NRS and Mechanical Ventilation - Respiratory Distress Observational Scale, MV-RDOS), P, esophageal pressure, respiratory muscles EMG, arterial blood gas were compared in intubated patients on pressure support ventilation presenting a dyspnea-NRS > 3 during two sequences: 1) pressure support ventilation with NHF at 0 L/min followed by 30, 50 and 60 L/min (the last three were randomized) and 2) a SBT with NHF at 0 and 50 L/min (randomized).

Predicting attentional focus: Heartbeat-evoked responses and brain dynamics during interoceptive and exteroceptive processing.

Attention shapes our consciousness content and perception by increasing the probability of becoming aware and/or better encoding a selection of the incoming inner or outer sensory world. Engaging interoceptive and exteroceptive attention should elicit distinctive neural responses to visceral and external stimuli and could be useful in detecting covert command-following in unresponsive patients. We designed a task to engage healthy participants' attention toward their heartbeats or auditory stimuli and investigated whether brain dynamics and the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) distinguished covert interoceptive-exteroceptive attention.

IAPRD new consensus classification of myoclonus.

Introduction: Recent new advances in myoclonus characterization and etiology justify an update of the 40-year-old respected classification of myoclonus proposed by Marsden, Hallett, and Fahn. New advances include genetic studies and clinical neurophysiology characterization.

Methods: The IAPRD appointed an expert panel to develop a new myoclonus classification.

Endoscopic papillectomy versus surgical ampullectomy for adenomas and early cancers of the papilla: a retrospective Pancreas2000/European Pancreatic Club analysis.

Objective: Ampullary neoplastic lesions can be resected by endoscopic papillectomy (EP) or transduodenal surgical ampullectomy (TSA) while pancreaticoduodenectomy is reserved for more advanced lesions. We present the largest retrospective comparative study analysing EP and TSA.

Design: Of all patients in the database, lesions with prior interventions, benign histology advanced malignancy (T2 and more), patients with hereditary syndromes and those undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy were excluded.

ERBB2 Comprehensive Profiling and Prognostication in Stage III Colon Cancer: Findings From PETACC8 and IDEA-France Cohorts.

Background & Aims: ERBB2 pathway activation, through amplification or activating mutations, represents a new target for colon cancer (CC) treatment. Molecular methods were compared with the gold standard for assessing ERBB2 status, and the prognostic value of ERBB2 amplification, mutations, and expression was determined using data from 2 phase 3 trials involving nearly 3000 patients with stage III CC.

Methods: In the PETACC8 trial, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, DNA, and RNA analysis were performed on 1813, 1719, and 1733 samples, respectively.

Prognostic factors for patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis: a retrospective, multicenter cohort study of 73 patients.

Objectives: To investigate factors associated with dermatomyositis (DM) complete clinical response and overall survival with a focus on the use of immunosuppressive therapies in patients with cancer-associated DM.

Methods: We performed a multicentre, retrospective cohort study. Multivariable survival analyses used a Cox model with time-dependent covariates and adjustments with inverse probability censoring weighting.

Similar Kinetics of Pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 Load in Intensive Care Unit Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia with or Without Autoantibodies Neutralizing Type I Interferons.

Purpose: The pathogenesis of life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in ICU patients can involve pre-existing auto-antibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs). The impact of these auto-Abs on SARS-CoV-2 clearance in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) is unclear.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study in 99 ICU patients with COVID-19 pneumonia between March and May 2020.

Fever following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation: Infection, thrombosis or just physiology?

Purpose: Fever is frequent after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) decannulation. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of post-decannulation fever and describe its causes.

Methods: Adult ECMO patients who were successfully weaned from ECMO were retrospectively included.

CUL3-related neurodevelopmental disorder: Clinical phenotype of 20 new individuals and identification of a potential phenotype-associated episignature.

Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without autism or seizures (NEDAUS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay, speech delay, seizures, autistic features, and/or behavior abnormalities. It is caused by CUL3 (Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase) haploinsufficiency. We collected clinical and molecular data from 26 individuals carrying pathogenic variants and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the CUL3 gene, including 20 previously unreported cases.