Complete Mitochondrial Genome of and (Diptera: Chironomidae): Characterization and Phylogenetic Implications.

Background: Chironomidae occupy a pivotal position within global aquatic ecosystems. The unique structural attributes of the mitochondrial genome provide profound insights and compelling evidence, underpinning the morphological classification of organisms and substantially advancing our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Chironomidae.

Results: We have meticulously sequenced, assembled, and annotated the mitogenomes of (Wang, 1994) and (Kieffer, 1912), incorporating an additional 25 previously published mitogenomes into our comprehensive analysis.

Growth-defense trade-off regulated by hormones in grass plants growing under different grazing intensities.

Herbivory creates conflicts between a plant's need to allocate resources for growth and defense. It is not yet clear how plants rebalance resource utilization between growth and defense in response to increasing grazing intensity. We measured characteristics of the primary and secondary metabolism of Leymus chinensis at five levels of grazing intensity (control, light, moderate, heavy and extremely heavy).