Partial Attention in Global Context and Local Interaction for Addressing Noisy Labels and Weighted Redundancies on Medical Images.

Recently, the application of deep neural networks to detect anomalies on medical images has been facing the appearance of noisy labels, including overlapping objects and similar classes. Therefore, this study aims to address this challenge by proposing a unique attention module that can assist deep neural networks in focusing on important object features in noisy medical image conditions. This module integrates global context modeling to create long-range dependencies and local interactions to enable channel attention ability by using 1D convolution that not only performs well with noisy labels but also consumes significantly less resources without any dimensionality reduction.

Health Literacy and Internet Use Among Japanese Older Adults: A Gender-Stratified Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Moderating Effects of Neighborhood Relationships.

: Internet use positively impacts mental health in older adults, with health literacy (HL) playing a key role. While social networks may complement individual HL, the role of neighborhood relationships in this association, particularly by gender, remains unclear. This study examined how the association between HL and Internet use among older adults was modified by neighborhood relationships.

Pre-processing of paleogenomes: mitigating reference bias and postmortem damage in ancient genome data.

We investigate alternative strategies against reference bias and postmortem damage in low coverage paleogenomes. Compared to alignment to the linear reference genome, we show that masking known polymorphic sites and graph alignment effectively remove reference bias, but only starting from raw read files. We next study approaches to overcome postmortem damage: trimming, rescaling, and our newly developed algorithm, bamRefine (github.

The importance of clinical experience in AI-assisted corneal diagnosis: verification using intentional AI misleading.

We developed an AI system capable of automatically classifying anterior eye images as either normal or indicative of corneal diseases. This study aims to investigate the influence of AI's misleading guidance on ophthalmologists' responses. This cross-sectional study included 30 cases each of infectious and immunological keratitis.

Prefrontally mediated inhibition of memory systems in dissociative amnesia.

Background: The mechanisms underlying generalized forms of dissociative ('psychogenic') amnesia are poorly understood. One theory suggests that memory retrieval is inhibited via prefrontal control. Findings from cognitive neuroscience offer a candidate mechanism for this proposed retrieval inhibition.

In toto biological framework: Modeling interconnectedness during human development.

Recent advancements in pluripotent stem cell and synthetic tissue technology have brought significant breakthroughs in studying early embryonic development, particularly within the first trimester of development in humans. However, during fetal stage development, investigating further biological events represents a major challenge, partly due to the evolving complexity and continued interaction across multiple organ systems. To bridge this gap, we propose an "in toto" biological framework that leverages a triad of technologies: synthetic tissues, intravital microscopy, and computer vision to capture in vivo cellular morphodynamics, conceptualized as single-cell choreography.

Impaired visual perceptual accuracy in the upper visual field induces asymmetric performance in position estimation for falling and rising objects.

Humans can estimate the time and position of a moving object's arrival. However, numerous studies have demonstrated superior position estimation accuracy for descending objects compared with ascending objects. We tested whether the accuracy of position estimation for ascending and descending objects differs between the upper and lower visual fields.

Putting performance bias to the front-lower side of the hole on steep slopes: Differences in strategies and movements between professional and amateur golfers.

When playing on an sloped golf course, the ball often misses the hole to the front-lower side, which is also referred to as the "amateur side." This can be attributed to the difficulty in perceiving the green slope and choosing the appropriate launch direction and ball speed, especially for amateurs. The study had three main objectives.

Endogenous melatonin and impulsivity in humans.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between salivary melatonin levels and impulsivity in humans, as the literature has not examined this relationship in healthy individuals.

Methods: We recruited 75 participants aged 18-55 years, measuring their salivary melatonin concentrations using an enzyme immunoassay and their impulsivity using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) scores.

Results: The participants' salivary melatonin levels were positively correlated with impulsivity.

Learning More May Not Be Better: Knowledge Transferability in Vision-and-Language Tasks.

Is learning more knowledge always better for vision-and-language models? In this paper, we study knowledge transferability in multi-modal tasks. The current tendency in machine learning is to assume that by joining multiple datasets from different tasks, their overall performance improves. However, we show that not all knowledge transfers well or has a positive impact on related tasks, even when they share a common goal.

Light responses during early day phases of CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) homologous genes in the moss Physcomitrium patens.

Circadian clocks facilitate organisms' adaptation to the day-night environmental cycle. Some of the component genes of the clocks ("clock genes") respond directly to changes in ambient light, supposedly allowing the clocks to synchronize to and/or oscillate robustly in the environmental cycle. In the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the clock genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1), LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 9 (PRR9) show transient expression in response to the morning light.

Controlling the Hierarchical Assembly of DNA-Based Hexagonal Microstructures.

This paper discusses the controlled morphology of hierarchical liquid crystalline DNA assemblies. Through a process of heating and slow cooling, double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) having 23 complementary bases and two base overhangs (a pair of 25mer oligonucleotides) spontaneously assemble into micro-sized hexagonal platelets in a solution containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and salt. Remarkably, the addition of a shorter dsDNA with AA/TT overhangs (a pair of 18mer oligonucleotides) to a PEG-salt solution of 25mer DNA with AA/TT overhangs results in the formation of molecular tubes, each with a central blockage.

Development of Molecular Dynamics Parameters and Theoretical Analysis of Excitonic and Optical Properties in the Light-Harvesting Complex II.

The light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in green plants exhibits highly efficient excitation energy transfer (EET). A comprehensive understanding of the EET mechanism in LHCII requires quantum chemical, molecular dynamics (MD), and statistical mechanics calculations that can adequately describe pigment molecules in heterogeneous environments. Herein, we develop MD simulation parameters that accurately reproduce the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical energies of both the ground and excited states of all chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in membrane embedded LHCII.

Frequency-dependent corticospinal facilitation following tibialis anterior neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

The optimal stimulation frequency for inducing neuromodulatory effects remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with different frequencies on cortical and spinal excitability. Thirteen able-bodied individuals participated in the experiment involving NMES: (i) low-frequency at 25 Hz, (ii) high-frequency at 100 Hz, and (iii) mixed-frequency at 25 and 100 Hz switched every one second.

RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer for IoT.

The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed modern living by interconnecting billions of devices across industrial, commercial, and domestic sectors [...

A Real-Time Web-Based Intervention with a Multicomponent Group-Based Program for Older Adults: Single-Arm Feasibility Study.

Frailty is a growing public health challenge in Japan's rapidly aging population, where 28.8% are aged ≥ 65. While multicomponent interventions have shown potential in preventing frailty, traditional face-to-face programs face accessibility challenges.

Comprehensive whole-genome sequencing reveals origins of mutational signatures associated with aging, mismatch repair deficiency and temozolomide chemotherapy.

In a comprehensive study to decipher the multi-layered response to the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ), we analyzed 427 genomes and determined mutational patterns in a collection of ∼40 isogenic DNA repair-deficient human TK6 lymphoblast cell lines. We first demonstrate that the spontaneous mutational background is very similar to the aging-associated mutational signature SBS40 and mainly caused by polymerase zeta-mediated translesion synthesis (TLS). MSH2-/- mismatch repair (MMR) knockout in conjunction with additional repair deficiencies uncovers cryptic mutational patterns.

Dual-Mode Emission and Solvent-Desorption Dependent Kinetic Properties of Crystalline-State Chemiluminescence Reaction of 9-Phenyl-10-(2-phenylethynyl)anthracene Endoperoxide.

The chemiluminescence (CL) feature and reactivity of the aromatic endoperoxide 9-phenyl-10-(2-phenylethynyl)anthracene endoperoxide (PPEA-O) were investigated in the crystalline state. For this, PPEA-O crystals were prepared using dichloromethane and -hexane. These crystals exhibited an α-phase structure containing -hexane as a crystal solvent.

Evaluation of the persistence of Epichloë endophyte and its possible effect on fungal assemblages in dead leaf sheaths.

The systemic fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë inhabit the aerial part of host grasses. Recent studies have reported that Epichloë affects the non-systemic endophytic assemblages in live leaves, but few studies that have demonstrated the occurrence of Epichloë and its effect on fungal assemblages in dead leaves. We proposed a hypothesis that Epichloë decreases from live to dead leaves but affects the non-systemic endophytic assemblages also in dead leaves.

Dopamine-mediated behavioral alterations following exposure to a social video in socially isolated mice during the developmental period.

Video exposure is known to affect brain function, yet its impact on neurodevelopmental processes remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to a video depicting social behavior induces behavioral and neurological changes in socially isolated mice. On Postnatal Day (PND) 21, male mice were separated from their dams and randomly assigned to three groups: socially grouped mice; socially isolated mice (ISO), where mice were housed without any social stimulation; and social video-exposed mice (SVE), where mice were exposed to a social video played on a tablet from PND21 to PND56 under socially isolated conditions.

Childhood adversity and health: The mediating roles of emotional expression and general trust.

Introduction: This study examined whether adverse childhood experiences, positive emotional expressivity in personal (i.e., expressing positive emotions when good things happened to ) and social settings (i.

Synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cell-derived microRNA-127-5p can modulate transforming growth factor-β signaling after in vitro chondrogenic induction.

MicroRNA profiling in human cartilage is necessary for chondrogenesis. The study aimed to compare microRNA 127-5p (miR-127-5p) and TGF-β signaling pathway gene expressions of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT-MSCs) and synovial fluid-derived stem cells (hSF-MSCs) after induced chondrogenesis. MSCs induced into chondrogenic differentiation.