p38 Stabilizes Snail by Suppressing DYRK2-Mediated Phosphorylation That Is Required for GSK3β-βTrCP-Induced Snail Degradation.

Snail is a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a major step in tumor metastasis. Although the induction of Snail transcription precedes EMT, posttranslational regulation, especially phosphorylation of Snail, is critical for determining Snail protein levels or stability, subcellular localization, and the ability to induce EMT. To date, several kinases are known that enhance the stability of Snail by preventing its ubiquitination; however, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this are still unclear.

Shifting of the distribution of aromatic monomer-units in polyhydroxyalkanoic acid to longer units by salicylic acid in Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 grown with mixtures of fructose and 11-phenoxyundecanoic acid.

Medium-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (MCL-PHAs) formed in Pseudomonas spp. have a rather broad distribution of monomer-units whose precursors are supplied via beta-oxidation degradation of MCL fatty acids fed as the carbon source and/or via PhaG enzyme catalyzing the acyl-group transfer from 3-hydroxyacyl-ACPs derived from acetyl-CoA to coenzyme A. It was found that salicylic acid (SA), in a concentration dependent manner, suppressed the accumulation of PHA in Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 from fructose as well as shifted the distribution of monomer-units derived from a MCL fatty acid co-added as carbon source (e.