The Warburg effect: a score for many instruments in the concert of cancer and cancer niche cells.

Although Warburg's discovery of intensive glucose uptake by tumors, followed by lactate fermentation in oxygen presence of oxygen was made a century ago, it is still an area of intense research and development of new hypotheses that, layer by layer, unravel the complexities of neoplastic transformation. This seemingly simple metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells reveals an intriguing, multi-faceted nature that may link various phenomena including cell signaling, cell proliferation, ROS generation, energy supply, macromolecules synthesis/biosynthetic precursor supply, immunosuppression, or cooperation of cancerous cells with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), known as reversed Warburg effect. According to the current perception of the causes and consequences of the Warburg effect, PI3K/Akt/mTOR are the main signaling pathways that, in concert with the transcription factors HIF-1, p53, and c-Myc, modulate the activity/expression of key regulatory enzymes, including PKM2, and PDK1 to tune in the most optimal metabolic setting for the cancer cell.

Role of ultrasonography in evaluation of perianal fistula-A study of 200 cases.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of transrectal, transvaginal, or transperineal ultrasound (US) in evaluation of perianal fistula and to assess the possibility of its role as a first-line investigation for diagnosis and for follow-up as well as a possible substitute for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of 200 patients. All the patients complaining of discharging wound, acute or chronic pain in the perianal region and patients suspected clinically having perianal sinus/fistula, referred for ultrasound evaluation were included in the study.

Great mimickers: Tumor-like lesions of uterine corpus.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the relative occurrence of uterine corpus tumor-like lesions and to establish a clinicopathological correlation.

Methods: A 5-year study was conducted on histopathologically diagnosed cases of tumor-like lesions of the uterine corpus. The lesions were classified according to the recent World Health Organization classification.

Sources of household air pollution and their association with fine particulate matter in low-income urban homes in India.

Introduction: Household air pollution (HAP) is poorly characterized in low-income urban Indian communities.

Materials And Methods: A questionnaire assessing sources of HAP and 24 h household concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM) were collected in a sample of low-income homes in Pune, India.

FNAC of lymph nodes in HIV positive patients-a diagnostic boon.

Objectives: The goal of this study is to examine the fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) features of lymph node lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients and to evaluate the role of FNAC in diagnosis. This study also aims to analyze the cytological patterns and available clinicopathological parameters of FNAC.

Materials And Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology at Government Medical College Miraj and P.

Left Sided Hydro-pneumothorax in a Operated Case of Left Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

Diaphragmatic hernia in adults often presents with overlapping respiratory and abdominal symptoms. They may be simple diaphragmatic eventrations or undiagnosed Bochdalek's hernias or may even be of post traumatic variety. Diaphragmatic hernias may be asymptomatic, present only with respiratory symptoms, or may present with obstruction and strangulation of involved bowel loops with faeco-pneumothorax.