[Involvement of essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases: diagnostic markers and analytical methods for determination].

Aim: To study the role of iodine, selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of iodine deficiency and autoimmune thyroid diseases and scientifically substantiate the choice of security biomarkers and analytical methods for determination.

Materials And Methods: Serum iodine (I), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma ionization tandem mass spectrometry (Agilent 8900 ICP-MS Triple Quad); by chemiluminescent immunoassay on an automatic analyzer Architect i2000 - TSH and AT-TPO in blood serum; by enzyme immunoassay - ZnT8A; biochemical method - ALP, SOD1 in 1150 people aged from 18 to 65 years (the average age of the subjects was 40±5 years). Ultrasound of the thyroid gland was performed in the supine position using a portable ultrasound machine LOGIQe with a multifrequency linear sensor 10-15 MHz; during the study, the volume of the thyroid gland, the presence of nodules and their characteristics according to the TIRADS classification, the structure of the thyroid gland and its echogenicity were assessed.

The causal effects between autoimmune thyroid disease and urticaria: evidence from a Mendelian randomization study.

Previous studies have suggested a comorbidity between autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and urticaria. However, the causal effects between AITD and urticaria remain unclear. This study employed genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to analyze the associations between AITD and urticaria through bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR), meanwhile, examined the role of 731 immune traits as mediators between the two diseases through mediation analysis.

FVB but Not B6 Mice Carrying the Thr92Ala-Dio2 Polymorphism Have Impaired Thyroid Hormonogenesis and Goiter.

The Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism is prevalent worldwide, with about 50% of the population carrying at least one allele. The Ala92-Dio2 allele encodes a less active D2 enzyme and has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, hypertension, and insulin resistance. To understand why its phenotypic effects are variable across different populations, in this study, we examined the impact of genetic background on the Thr92Ala-Dio2 polymorphism.

Impact of Large Thyroid Nodules (≥4 cm) on Surgical Outcomes Following Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Through the Bilateral Axillo-Breast Approach.

Objective: Endoscopic thyroidectomy through the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) is predominantly used in cases involving low-risk thyroid malignancies and benign nodules measuring <4 cm. However, the efficacy and safety of this technique in larger goiters remain underexplored.

Methods: This retrospective study compared perioperative data and pathologic outcomes among patients who underwent endoscopic BABA thyroidectomy categorized on the basis of the size of the dominant nodule (<4 vs ≥4 cm).

A Cross-Sectional Study of Iodine Nutritional Status Among School-Age Children in Chongqing, China.

: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the iodine nutritional statuses of children aged 8 to 10 years in Chongqing Municipality in 2023. : In this study, we employed multi-stage stratified cluster sampling of non-boarding children aged 8 to 10 years in all 39 counties (districts). The levels of iodine in household salt and those in random urine samples collected from the subjects were tested.

A Novel Pathogenic Variant of DICER1 Gene in a Young Greek Patient with 2 Different Sex-Cord Ovarian Tumors and Multinodular Goiter.

DICER1 syndrome (DICERs) represents a tumor predisposition genetic syndrome, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Germline loss-of-function variants of the gene lead to impaired processing of microRNA, gene expression, and increased risk of tumorigenesis. Although pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is the hallmark of the syndrome, multiple extrapulmonary malignant and non-malignant conditions have also been described, including multinodular goiter (MNG) and sex-cord stromal tumors.

Complement C5/C5a in the diagnosis and treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy: A Mendelian randomized study.

Objectives: Graves' ophthalmopathy is a complex organ-specific autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenesis. Complement component 5/5a (C5/C5a), a key element of the component system, may play a significant role in the disease's pathological process. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between C5/C5a and Graves' ophthalmopathy using Mendelian randomization (MR) to provide new theoretical insights for its diagnosis and treatment.

Antibodies against the receptor for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1RAb), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in the serum of patients with Graves' and Basedow's disease with and without orbitopathy.

Introduction: Proven risk factors for thyroid orbitopathy (TO) are thyroid dysfunction, smoking, and high levels of thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb), and the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the receptor for IGF-1 (IGF-1R), and antibodies to the receptor for IGF-1 (IGF-1RAb) are also debated. IGF-1R is overexpressed in fibroblasts and orbital lymphocytes in TO patients. It forms a functional complex and mediates signal transduction through thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR).

A Case of a Huge Left Common Carotid Artery Paraganglioma Resected With the Left Thyroid Gland.

Background: Paraganglioma (PGL) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. In the head and neck region, surgical resection of PGL is extremely difficult due to its proximity to many vital blood vessels, nerves, and organs. There is still some controversy about whether preoperative embolization is salutary.

Assessment of the Ultrasonological Findings of Goitrogenous Lesions.

Benign swellings of the thyroid gland are a common occurrence, frequently seen in surgical practice. Regardless of their appearance, however, it is a must to ultrasonologically analyse them in order to confirm their morphology and pick up any warning signs which might point towards a malignant transformation. In this particular study, we analyzed the morphological features (ultrasonological) associated with benign goitrogenous lesions.

Nodular Goitre Posing as a Follicular Carcinoma with Extrathyroidal Extension: A Diagnostic Dilemma - A Case Report.

Nodular goitre caused by thyroid hyperplasia is a benign condition arising from abnormalities in thyroid gland physiology, resulting from an imbalance between thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. The histopathological characteristics of this hyperplasia can resemble well-differentiated follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Here, we present the case of a 66-year-old man with clinicopathological features suggestive of follicular carcinoma with extrathyroidal extension.

Unifocal Conventional Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Coexisting Caseating Granulomatous Inflammation in India.

Thyroid cancer remains one of the leading endocrine malignancies with Conventional Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (CVPTC) being the most commonly reported cancer. Caseating granulomatous inflammation is an unusual presentation in the thyroid even in places with high incidence of tuberculosis. The association of CVPTC with caseating granulomatous inflammation is infrequent.

Incidental Thyroid Goiter with Large Posterior Mediastinal Extension: A Case Report.

Mediastinal goiters represent descent of thyroid tissue from the neck to the intra thoracic cavity most commonly in the anterior mediastinal compartment. Posterior mediastinal extension is uncommon, comprising only 10-15% of all mediastinal goiters. Thyroid masses within mediastinum may present with range of symptoms from being asymptomatic to severe compressive symptoms according to size and location.

Tracheomalacia in patients undergoing thyroid surgery-What is the true estimate: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Tracheomalacia is defined as the weakening of the tracheal rings secondary to long-standing compression or inherent structural weakness, leading to stridor and airway compromise. The common etiological factor of tracheomalacia includes compression of the tracheal framework due to a large multinodular goiter. There are various management techniques described in the literature to manage a patient with tracheomalacia including tracheostomy, tracheal stenting, and tracheopexy.

Quantifying anterior segment vascular changes in thyroid eye disease using optical coherence tomography angiography.

Purpose: Thyroid eye disease (TED) presents challenges in the accurate assessment of disease activity, especially concerning ocular surface manifestations. This study aims to evaluate the potential of anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA) in quantifying vascular changes associated with TED, thereby enhancing understanding of its pathophysiology and aiding in diagnosis and management.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 29 TED patients and 21 healthy controls.

Elevated serum CD40 as a potential biomarker for the differential diagnosis of acute thyrotoxic myopathy.

Acute thyrotoxic myopathy (ATM) is a rare yet severe complication of thyrotoxicosis that affects the central nervous system and is associated with a high mortality rate if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Currently, the diagnosis of ATM primarily relies on clinical manifestations, and there is a lack of specific serological markers to support the diagnostic process. This study aimed to investigate the differences in serum CD40 levels between patients with acute thyrotoxic myopathy (ATM), those with Graves' disease, and healthy controls, and to evaluate its potential as a diagnostic biomarker for differentiating ATM.

Epidemiology of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in North-Eastern Part of Karnataka, India.

The north-eastern part of Karnataka lies on the Deccan Plateau of the South Indian Peninsula, characterized by black soil. This region is known for its mineral resources, including a gold ore mine in Hatti (Raichur District), an iron ore mine in Toranagallu (Bellary District), and uranium deposits in Gogi (Yadgir District). However, the soil in this area is deficient in iodine, leading to iodine deficiency disorders such as goiter and hypothyroidism.

Development and validation of potential molecular subtypes and signatures of thyroid eye disease based on angiogenesis-related gene analysis.

Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit, associated with a range of potential clinical sequelae. Tumor cells in TED overexpress pro-angiogenic factors, driving the formation of heterogeneous and immature neovascularization. This dysregulated angiogenesis often leads to a hypoxic microenvironment due to insufficient perfusion.

A 58-Year-Old Man with a History of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Diagnosed with Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma and Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid.

BACKGROUND Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Autoimmune (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis is associated with thyroid MALT lymphoma, but co-existence with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been less commonly reported. In this case report, we describe a 58-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of hoarseness and an enlarged thyroid, and was diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, MALT lymphoma, and PTC.

Inhibitors of the ubiquitin‑proteasome system rescue cellular levels and ion transport function of pathogenic pendrin (SLC26A4) protein variants.

Pendrin (SLC26A4) is an anion exchanger abundantly expressed in the inner ear, kidney and thyroid, and its malfunction resulting from genetic mutation leads to Pendred syndrome and non‑syndromic deafness DFNB4. Pathogenic variants of the pendrin protein are less expressed than the wild‑type, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown. In the present study, the hypothesis that reduced protein expression stems from increased protein degradation was explored.

Multinodular benign goitre as an immediate threat to the airway: a case report.

Acute upper airway obstruction (AUAO) due to benign thyroid disease is a rare but life-threatening condition. We report a case of an 82-year-old woman with a toxic multinodular goitre who presented to the emergency department with confusion and noisy breathing. Despite being initially stable, she developed progressive stridor and hypoxemia.

Butyrate Ameliorates Graves' Orbitopathy Through Regulating Orbital Fibroblast Phenotypes and Gut Microbiota.

Purpose: Graves' orbitopathy (GO), the common extrathyroidal complication of Graves' disease (GD), is characterized by orbital fibroblast stimulation, adipogenesis, and hyaluronan production. Recently, gut microbiota and its metabolites have garnered attention for their possible involvement in GO.

Methods: This study utilized an animal model of GO and examined the effects of butyrate treatment on orbital fibroblast cells and gut microbiota.

Primary Follicular Lymphoma of Thyroid: A Rare Case Report with Review of the Literature.

Background & Objective: Thyroid lymphomas are predominantly secondary to lymphoma at other sites, and primary follicular lymphoma of the thyroid is a very rare entity.

Case Presentation: Here, we report a case of a 62-year-old female who presented with swelling in the front of her neck for one month. The clinical diagnosis was a multinodular goiter.

Prepubertal Graves' disease with hyperactivity and overgrowth since early childhood.

Although Graves' disease is a prevalent endocrine disorder, it is rare in prepubertal patients. Here, we describe the case of a middle childhood boy diagnosed with Graves' disease. The patient experienced exophthalmos, hyperactivity and overgrowth.

TEDML: a new machine learning (ML) approach for predicting thyroid eye disease and identifying key biomarkers.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) features immune infiltration and metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these processes and identifying potential biomarkers are crucial for improving diagnosis and treatment. To this end, immune cell infiltration was analyzed and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was conducted on the GSE58331 dataset to identify differences between TED and normal tissues.