[Quality and ethics in healthcare].

The term "quality" in healthcare is frequently used but defined in different ways. On the one hand, quality describes the nature or characteristic of things and is descriptive in this respect. In quality management and quality assurance, however, the focus is on the normative dimension of quality, referring to the evaluation of structures, processes, or results of actions in the context of healthcare.

[Testicular Cancer Screening in Men Aged 16 Years and Older: IQWiG ThemenCheck Health Technology Assessment Report on Medical, Economic, Social, Ethical, Legal and Organisational Aspects].

Background: Testicular cancer occurs mainly in young men between 25 and 45 years and is the most common cancer at this age. Possible testicular cancer early detection measures, clinical palpation and scrotal ultrasound (CUS) or testicular self-examination (TSE) in asymptomatic men aged 16 years and older, could perhaps avoid deaths and aggressive late therapies. Therefore, we investigated whether these measures have an additional benefit compared to the current situation.

[Causality, Evidence, and Subjectivity: Paul Martini's Methodological Critique of Psychosomatic Medicine].

The 1949 congress of internal medicine saw a heated and widely perceived controversy on epistemological issues of psychosomatic medicine. This article begins by outlining the place and significance of the congress in post-war history and tracing the course of the debate. The positions of the proponents of psychosomatic medicine, Viktor von Weizsäcker and Alexander Mitscherlich, are reconstructed, as well as those of the internist Paul Martini, who offered fundamental criticisms on the basis of his methodology of clinical research.

[From ether anesthesia to "green" anesthesia : Challenges in anesthesiology over the last 175 years].

The first public demonstration of ether anesthesia took place 175 years ago. Since that time, insensitivity to pain during surgical operations has been possible. The "Ether Day" has been portrayed in many ways.

[Reconstruction of defects on the hand].

From a reconstructive viewpoint, injuries of the hand are particularly challenging. They are often associated with exposed tendons, bones, nerves and vessels, whereas little skin and soft tissue reserves are available for coverage. Functional and esthetic requirements necessitate a differentiated approach, depending on the location and extent of the defect.

[A researcher and physician who gained international fame: Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) as Nobel Prize candidate].

This paper discusses the 17 Nobel Prize nominations for the neurologist and neurosurgeon Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941). Drawing on files from the Stockholm Nobel Prize Archive, primary and secondary literature, it addresses the following questions: what were the reasons given by nominators for Foerster's nominations? What was the relationship between him and his nominators? Why was he ultimately not awarded the Nobel Prize? Most nominators of Foerster's highlighted as the main motive his Handbuch der Neurologie, which he had edited with Oswald Bumke. According to the nominators, this book together with Foerster's neurosurgical work had an enormous impact on contemporary neurology.

[Why in Koenigsberg, why Samuel Jessner, why 1921? : History of the first university lectureship for sexology in Germany].

The dermatologist and venerologist Samuel Jessner (1895-1929) received a lectureship for sexology at the University of Koenigsberg (today: Russian Калининград, Kaliningrad) in 1921. Since 1928 he was also listed as a urologist in the Reichsmedizinalkalender (German Physician Address Calendar). In this article we trace his life and work and ask how Jessner was able to achieve this academic success in the periphery of German sexology and without close ties to its networks.

Induction of Labour. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k, AWMF Registry No. 015-088, December 2020).

The aim of this official guideline published and coordinated by the German Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) in cooperation with the Austrian Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (OEGGG) and the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SGGG) is to provide a consensus-based overview of the indications, methods and general management of induction of labour by evaluating the relevant literature. This S2k guideline was developed using a structured consensus process which included representative members from various professions; the guideline was commissioned by the guidelines commission of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG. The guideline provides recommendations on the indications, management, methods, monitoring and special situations occurring in the context of inducing labour.

[Oral history of German human genetics: historical research methods for collecting and processing narrative interviews].

Between 2016 and 2018, interviews with 33 persons were conducted about the history of human genetics in Germany between 1970 and the 2000s. 29 interviewees gave consent to have the interviews used for historical research. These interviews are currently being analysed with the methods of qualitative content analysis and grounded theory.

[Historical awareness and historical responsibility in German human genetics].

Historians have repeatedly pointed to personal and institutional continuities between eugenics in Germany before 1945 and the developing human genetics in post-war Germany. But how was this external perception discussed among German human geneticists and did it play a role in the discipline's self-image? On the basis of printed sources and biographical interviews, the historical consciousness and the assumption of historical responsibility among German human geneticists active in the field between the 1970s and the 2010s were investigated. In the memories of the contemporary witnesses, historical awareness played a role for their discipline even before the 1980s, and since the founding of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Humangenetik in 1987, the question of the form of showing historical responsibility has been discussed repeatedly.

[Enchiridion medicinae (1573)-a short pharmaceutical manual compiled by Georg Henisch].

In 1573, Georg Henisch published a short pharmaceutical handbook, Enchiridion medicinae, which contains remedies for individual health problems, without making any further comments on the effects and method of use. However, this manual had a predecessor which was published in Paris in 1571 without mentioning the author. The text of both editions is practically identical, there are only minimal differences, but the second edition has been expanded to a foreword and final sections with some recipes.

[Perpetrator or victim? The orthodontist Gustav Korkhaus (1895-1978) and his actual role in the Third Reich].

Purposes: Gustav Korkhaus is widely regarded as the most important German orthodontist of the post-war period; in contrast, his relationship to National Socialism is much less well defined. Against this background, this article sheds light on the concrete scientific and (professional) political significance of Korkhaus; special attention is paid to his role in the Third Reich.

Methods: The study is based on primary sources from the Federal Archives Berlin, the State Archives North Rhine-Westphalia (Department Rhineland), and the University Archives Bonn.

[The pathologist Hans Klein (1912-1984) : Autopsy of his role in the "Third Reich"].

The role of pathologist Hans Klein during the National Socialist era and his career in post-war Germany have hardly received systematic attention. During World War II, Hans Klein worked in two medical institutions, where he collaborated with individuals who were significantly involved in Nazi crimes. Klein's participation initially extended mainly to his work as an employed pathologist at the Rudolf Virchow Hospital in Berlin.

Cancer, the Media and Dealing with Knowledge.

Among the primary function of the media are conveying personal understanding and expanding the subjective knowledge of the recipient citizen. A particular challenge arising during this process is the mediation of medical knowledge. In addition to pure factual knowledge, it often involves subjective experiences, hopes and wishes.

[Not Available].

In recent years, the history of human genetic counseling has increasingly become the subject of research in the history of medicine and science. In this article, I examine the establishment and design of human genetic counselling in the GDR from the 1960s until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, based on archive material and medical literature of the time. The initiative for the establishment of a genetic counselling service in the GDR originated in the 1960s and can be traced back to scientists with different political backgrounds who were concerned with human genetic problems.

[Assessment of Psychosocial Problems in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Who Uses the Online Version at www.CED-aktiv-werden.de?].

Aim Of The Study: Taking into consideration and addressing patients' psychosocial problems is one of the characteristics of good clinical practice; this applies to IBD-patients as well. Since 2014, such patients have been offered an online questionnaire-based problem assessment linked to care recommendations. The primary aim of our data analysis was to carry out a comparative description of socio-demographic and disease-related characteristics of users of the free service.

[Benefits from herb garden. Pharmaceutical works in translations by Georg Henisch].

Georg Henisch (1549-1618), native of today´s Slovak city Bardejov (in German Bartfeld) translated four pharmaceutical texts from Latin into German, three works by the French author Antoine Mizauld and one by Sextus Placitus, an author of the late Classical period. All of them were published in quick succession in the years 1574-1575 and they appeared until 1615 in several unchanged editions. All four works have a similar theme: unusual curative substances which could be easily procured from plants, metals and animals and they are addressed to the layman.

[Walter Büngeler (1900-1987) : Nazi victim or political influencer in Brazil?].

Walter Büngeler is one of the best known German pathologists of the 20th century. He became internationally known for his basic research on leukaemia and the pathology of tumours. In 1936 he left Europe for Brazil but returned in 1942.

[Moral distress in medical students and young professionals: research desiderata in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic].

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic poses particular challenges for people working in the medical sector. Some of the medical students and young medical professionals who are starting their work in healthcare facilities during this time are confronted with extraordinary moral challenges. A portion of them does not yet have sufficient coping skills to adequately deal with these challenges.