[The debate on the German abortion law since the German reunification-historical, legal, and ethical aspects of abortion in Germany].

Abortion continues to be a highly contentious issue. This article provides an overview of the historical, ethical, and legal aspects of the abortion debate in Germany with a focus on the developments since the reunification. It delves into the background of the 1995 reform of the German abortion law, which centers around mandatory counseling before having an abortion.

[End of life perspectives: a systematic survey of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that still has to be primarily treated symptomatically or palliatively. It is therefore all the more important, in addition to initiating treatment, such as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), noninvasive ventilation therapy (NIVT) and invasive ventilation therapy via tracheotomy (IVT), to discuss the possible termination of these measures early on.

Question: What is the importance of advance directives for those affected and where are possible deficits in therapy planning for the end of life?

Material And Method: Between March 2017 and January 2019 patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of ALS at six treatment centers were asked to fill out a questionnaire.

[Bad-Mad-Female. Scientific Analyses of Female Violent Crime from the 1960s to the 1990s].

While female capital offences have repeatedly caused a stir since the beginning of the modern era at the latest, female violent crime has remained a marginal phenomenon in statistical observations for a long time. Forensics, with its traditional core disciplines of psychiatry and law, also remained focused on the dangerous male perpetrator for a long time in its analysis and theory development beyond infanticide: male forensic scientists analysed male perpetrators of violence.Since the 1960s, there has been an increasing number of scientific contributions on female criminality and its causes in West Germany.

[Sex education for adolescents and adults-Max Hodann (1894-1946) in action].

Up to the 1970s, a cultural battle raged in Germany and Europe about the question of the sense to inform and educate young people about gender, sex, and sexuality. One physician realized early that it is important to educate adults about their bodies and their genital and genitourinary disorders. Max Hodann (1894-1946), thus, unintentionally flooded urological practices with countless patients.

[Theoretical foundations of clinical ethics consultation in psychiatry].

Background: Clinical ethics consultants support mental health professionals in identifying and analyzing moral problems in clinical practice.

Objective: Presentation of key ethical concepts and normative theories that are relevant for clinical ethics consultation in mental healthcare.

Material And Methods: Conceptual and ethical analyses.

[Early sources of urologic and venereologic sexual medicine from Vienna : Protagonists at the interface of two new medical specialties].

The Austrian Society for the Promotion of Sexual Medicine and Sexual Health (Österreichische Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Sexualmedizin und der Sexuellen Gesundheit [ÖGFSSG]) was founded in 2014. This foundation looked back upon the increasing efforts to develop this field of academic knowledge since the middle of the 19th century, in which Viennese medicine played an important role. This article highlights key Viennese players who had a particular interest in sexual medicine from a urological perspective around 1900.

[Looking back on 100 years of board certification for urology in Germany : Formation of a medical subject in the context of specialization and professionalization].

This article examines the development of urology as an independent medical discipline in Germany, with a particular focus on professionalization and specialization in the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on historical sources, the text illuminates the importance of the German medical profession's further training regulations as an instrument of medical self-administration and the classification of urology as a medical specialty in the Bremen guidelines of 1924, which established board certification in diseases of the urinary organs (urology).

[Subcutaneous Washout Procedure (SWOP) for Treating Severe Complications of an Aesthetic Gluteal Augmentation with a Copolyamide Filler].

Background: Apart from surgical procedures for breast and buttock augmentation, copolyamide fillers can be locally injected for an increase in volume. This method is especially popular in Asia.

Patient: A 39-year-old female patient had received a buttock augmentation by injection of a copolyamide filler.

[Clinical research in service of clinical medicine: Contexts, practice, methodology and theory of Paul Martini's "clinical proof" - part 4: Adoption, resonance, and a résumé].

Having dealt with Martini's understanding of causality and his procedural elements of evidence in the third part, the concluding article once again takes a historical perspective. It (1) traces the positionings and contexts of Martini's methodology in a sort of historical longitudinal section and (2) discusses the reasons for the rather reluctant response to his research programme in German and international medicine. We then focus (3) on Martini's understanding and concept of clinical research, the specific challenges he faced in post-war German medicine - and what remains of it today.

The past and future of "sex genes".

Much later than the discovery of "sex chromosomes" and of "sex hormones", genetics started delivering detailed explanations of sex-determining developmental pathways. Despite increasing knowledge of biological processes, concepts and theories about sex development are never based on facts alone. There are inevitable entanglements of biological description and changing cultural assumptions and they play a key role in how sex genes are framed and interpreted in biological research.

[Historical comments on ethics in psychiatry : Challenges in the 19th century].

With the emergence of an early psychiatry around 1800, a number of questions arose on dealing with a group of persons whose "alien", irritating and disruptive behavior was considered to be a phenomenon of being sick. In the context of the growing importance of human rights, the term humanitarianism attained a high relevance as the reference for early psychiatrists. Based on historical sources it is shown that despite a multitude of psychiatric beliefs on humanitarianism the established psychiatric practice was dominated by patriarchal order regimes up to the first decade of the twentieth century, later superimposed by the challenges of somatophysiological and experimental research as well as perceptions of biological racism.

[Xenotransplantation of solid organs].

Transplantation of genetically modified porcine hearts and kidneys could become a solution to the persistent shortage of human organ donors. Progress has been made in genetic engineering of donor pigs, preservation techniques after organ harvesting and immunosuppression using co-stimulation blockade with anti-CD40/CD40L monoclonal antibodies. Progress has also been made in in the development of methods that detect pathogenic porcine viruses and prevent their transmission to the recipient.

[MacCAT-T between Claim and Practice - Challenges of Assessing Capacity for Consent in Dementia].

Background: Consent is a prerequisite for medical diagnostic and therapeutic action. There is no standardised procedure for assessing the ability to give consent. The most widely used tool for structured assessment is the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T).

[Manfred Pflanz (1923-1980) - A key Protagonist for the Institutionalization of Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in Germany].

Manfred Pflanz, an internist with his focus on social medicine, medical sociology and epidemiology, (1923-1980) played a key role in the institutional integration of social science expertise into medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany during the 1960s and 70 s. The present study, a biographic sketch of Pflanz, describes his work, his programmatic ideas on social medicine and medical sociology, and his activities as an expert consultant in public health for various political entities. This should enable getting an insight into the origins and ramifications, as well as the contemporary programs and international embeddedness of the overlapping fields of social medicine and medical sociology in Germany.

Current Status of Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Report of a Workshop of the German Heart Transplant Centers, Martinsried, March 3, 2023.

This report comprises the contents of the presentations and following discussions of a workshop of the German Heart Transplant Centers in Martinsried, Germany on cardiac xenotransplantation. The production and current availability of genetically modified donor pigs, preservation techniques during organ harvesting, and immunosuppressive regimens in the recipient are described. Selection criteria for suitable patients and possible solutions to the problem of overgrowth of the xenotransplant are discussed.

[Innovations from the Baltic Sea region: Nils Alwall, Lembit Norviit, Adolfs Martins Steins and the artificial kidney].

In connection with the construction of one of the first practical dialysis machines, medical historians emphasize the work of the Swedish physician Nils Alwall. Together with his colleagues, he developed a device in the 1940s that could implement the combination of dialysis and ultrafiltration with membranes (cellophane tubes). Little known is the involvement of the physicians Lembit Norviit from Estonia and Adolfs Martins Steins from Latvia, both coauthors of the influential research article Clinical extracorporeal dialysis of blood with artificial kidney that was published in The Lancet in 1948 and the transfer of knowledge between Estonian, Latvian and Swedish researchers.

[Awards in pathology-a man's world?].

Background: Awards provide their recipients with fame and recognition, and subsequently facilitate publications and acquisition of external funding through increased visibility. We hypothesize that despite increasing representation in pathology, women are underrepresented as awardees in the German Society of Pathology and consequently there is an associated imbalance between genders.

Material And Methods: Published data from the German Society of Pathology on female awardees during the period from 2000 to 2022 were examined.