Tuft cell IL-17RB restrains IL-25 bioavailability and reveals context-dependent ILC2 hypoproliferation.

The tuft cell-group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) circuit orchestrates rapid type 2 responses upon detecting microbially derived succinate and luminal helminths. Our findings delineate key mechanistic steps involving IP3R2 engagement and Ca flux, governing interleukin-25 (IL-25) production by tuft cells triggered by succinate detection. While IL-17RB has a pivotal intrinsic role in ILC2 activation, it exerts a regulatory function in tuft cells.

Infectious diseases, cardio-cerebrovascular health and vaccines: pathways to prevention.

Cardiovascular and infectious diseases both feature among the leading causes of death among men and women in the world. The pathophysiological pathways of infection and cardiovascular disease intersect, and there is a bidirectional relationship between the two. Vaccines are available for the most common infectious diseases affecting older adults, such as influenza, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, COVID and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Dual antiplatelet pre-treatment with aspirin and ticagrelor in ACS patients undergoing unplanned aortocoronary bypass surgery.

Background: Major bleedings following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have significant implications on outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Owing fears of fatal bleedings in case of urgent CABG, current guidelines recommend a cessation of P2Y receptor antagonists (P2Y-RA) before cardiac surgery and opt against routine pre-treatment with a P2Y-RA before coronary angiography (CA). However, sparse information exists outside randomized trials on the frequency of urgent CABG and the consequences of inappropriately long cessation of P2Y-RA treatment in patients presenting with ACS.

Biochar application using recycled annual self straw reduces long-term greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields with economic benefits.

Paddy fields are major contributors to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Applying ~1% biochar by topsoil weight (high single, HS) effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, but long-term impacts are unclear. Here we present 8-year field experiments showing HS reduces CO equivalent per hectare by 59% and yields a net benefit of US$1,810 per hectare.

MYC ecDNA promotes intratumour heterogeneity and plasticity in PDAC.

Intratumour heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity drive tumour progression and therapy resistance. Oncogene dosage variation contributes to cell-state transitions and phenotypic heterogeneity, thereby providing a substrate for somatic evolution. Nonetheless, the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic heterogeneity are still poorly understood.

Large recoverable elastic energy in chiral metamaterials via twist buckling.

Mechanical metamaterials with high recoverable elastic energy density, which we refer to as high-enthalpy elastic metamaterials, can offer many enhanced properties, including efficient mechanical energy storage, load-bearing capability, impact resistance and motion agility. These qualities make them ideal for lightweight, miniaturized and multi-functional structures. However, achieving high enthalpy is challenging, as it requires combining conflicting properties: high stiffness, high strength and large recoverable strain.

TGFβ links EBV to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

In a subset of children and adolescents, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a severe acute hyperinflammatory shock termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at four to eight weeks after infection. MIS-C is characterized by a specific T cell expansion and systemic hyperinflammation. The pathogenesis of MIS-C remains largely unknown.

High continuity of forager ancestry in the Neolithic period of the eastern Maghreb.

Ancient DNA from the Mediterranean region has revealed long-range connections and population transformations associated with the spread of food-producing economies. However, in contrast to Europe, genetic data from this key transition in northern Africa are limited, and have only been available from the far western Maghreb (Morocco). Here we present genome-wide data for nine individuals from the Later Stone Age through the Neolithic period from Algeria and Tunisia.

Genomic determinants of antigen expression hierarchy in African trypanosomes.

Antigenic variation is an immune evasion strategy used by many different pathogens. It involves the periodic, non-random switch in the expression of different antigens throughout an infection. How the observed hierarchy in antigen expression is achieved has remained a mystery.

Species turnover does not rescue biodiversity in fragmented landscapes.

Habitat fragmentation generally reduces biodiversity at the patch scale (α diversity). However, there is ongoing debate about whether such negative effects can be alleviated at the landscape scale (γ diversity) if among-patch diversity (β diversity) increases as a result of fragmentation. This controversial view has not been rigorously tested.

Basis functions for complex social decisions in dorsomedial frontal cortex.

Navigating social environments is a fundamental challenge for the brain. It has been established that the brain solves this problem, in part, by representing social information in an agent-centric manner; knowledge about others' abilities or attitudes is tagged to individuals such as 'oneself' or the 'other'. This intuitive approach has informed the understanding of key nodes in the social parts of the brain, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

The earliest human face of Western Europe.

Who the first inhabitants of Western Europe were, what their physical characteristics were, and when and where they lived are some of the pending questions in the study of the settlement of Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene epoch. The available palaeoanthropological information from Western Europe is limited and confined to the Iberian Peninsula. Here we present most of the midface of a hominin found at the TE7 level of the Sima del Elefante site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain), dated to between 1.

Hepatic stellate cells control liver zonation, size and functions via R-spondin 3.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have a central pathogenetic role in the development of liver fibrosis. However, their fibrosis-independent and homeostatic functions remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that genetic depletion of HSCs changes WNT activity and zonation of hepatocytes, leading to marked alterations in liver regeneration, cytochrome P450 metabolism and injury.

Metabolomic profiling of cannabis use and cannabis intoxication in humans.

Acute intoxication from Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the primary active ingredient of cannabis) can lead to neurocognitive impairment and interference with day-to-day operations, such as driving. Present evaluations of THC-induced impairment in legal settings rely on biological drug tests that solely establish cannabis use, rather than cannabis impairment. The current study evaluated the metabolome in blood collected from occasional and chronic cannabis users (N = 35) at baseline and following treatments with cannabis (300 μg/kg THC) and placebo, with the aim to identify unique metabolic alterations that are associated with acute cannabis intoxication and cannabis use frequency.

Brain structural correlates of an impending initial major depressive episode.

Neuroimaging research has yet to elucidate whether reported gray matter volume (GMV) alterations in major depressive disorder (MDD) exist already before the onset of the first episode. Recruitment of presently healthy individuals with a subsequent transition to MDD (converters) is extremely challenging but crucial to gain insights into neurobiological vulnerability. Hence, we compared converters to patients with MDD and sustained healthy controls (HC) to distinguish pre-existing neurobiological markers from those emerging later in the course of depression.

[The sexual revolution and the rise of urologists in Germany].

The sexual revolution of the 1960s is not generally associated with urology. However, the general availability of sexual services combined with the lack of expertise of general practitioners to deal with this and the changed social conditions led to urologists once again becoming the "masters of the genital area". This reopened a discourse that had been interrupted in 1933.

Impact of treatment for adolescent and young adults with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV) are rare in adolescent and young adult (AYA). These conditions, similar to those in older patients, are linked with thrombotic complications and the potential progression to secondary myelofibrosis (sMF). This retrospective study of ET and PV patients diagnosed before age 25 evaluated complication rates and impact of cytoreductive drugs on outcomes.

Proteomic characterization of MET-amplified esophageal adenocarcinomas reveals enrichment of alternative splicing- and androgen signaling-related proteins.

Background: Esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs) represent an evolving tumor entity with high mortality rates. MET amplification is a recurrent driver in EACs and is associated with decreased patient survival. However, the response to MET inhibitors is limited.

Illuminating ecology and distribution of the rare fungus Phellinidium pouzarii in the Bavarian Forest National Park.

Due to their cryptic lifestyle, hidden diversity and a lack of ecological knowledge, conservation of wood-inhabiting fungi continues to be a niche interest. Molecular methods are able to provide deeper insights into the ecology of rare fungal species. We investigated the occurrence of the rare wood-inhabiting fungus Phellinidium pouzarii across the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany using a fruit body survey, amplicon sequencing and qPCR.

Functional reconstitution of plant plasma membrane H-ATPase into giant unilamellar vesicles.

Membrane transporters are essential for numerous biological processes by controlling the movement of ions and molecules across cell membranes. However, dissecting their molecular dynamics in complex cellular environments presents significant challenges. Reconstitution of membrane transporters in model systems offers a powerful solution.

Structural mechanisms for centrosomal recruitment and organization of the microtubule nucleator γ-TuRC.

The γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) acts as a structural template for microtubule formation at centrosomes, associating with two main compartments: the pericentriolar material and the centriole lumen. In the pericentriolar material, the γ-TuRC is involved in microtubule organization, while the function of the centriole lumenal pool remains unclear. The conformational landscape of the γ-TuRC, which is crucial for its activity, and its centrosomal anchoring mechanisms, which determine γ-TuRC activity and turnover, are not understood.

Impact of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for benign and malignant haematologic and non-haematologic disorders on fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) exposes patients to long-term complications like gonadal dysfunction and infertility. The European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation advised in 2015 that fertility preservation should be considered for children and adolescents requiring HSCT. This systematic review and meta-analysis is part of the FertiTOX project, which aims to close the data gap regarding the gonadotoxicity of anticancer therapies to provide more accurate advice regarding fertility preservation.

Extremely low frequency magnetic field distracts zebrafish from a visual cognitive task.

Electromagnetic fields emitted from overhead power lines and subsea cables are widely regarded to be a disruptive factor for animals using the natural magnetic field as orientation cue for guiding their directed movements. However, it is not known if anthropogenic electromagnetic fields also have the potential to disturb animals attending to information from other sensory modalities. To find out, we trained adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) individually to perform avoidance behavior in response to a visual signal (green LED light spot), which in the exposure group was presented simultaneously with a sinusoidally changing magnetic field (0.