Antiviral defense systems in the rumen microbiome.

The continuous interaction between phages and their respective hosts has resulted in the evolution of multiple bacterial immune mechanisms. However, the diversity and prevalence of antiviral defense systems in complex communities are still unknown. We therefore investigated the diversity and abundance of viral defense systems in 3,038 high-quality bacterial and archaeal genomes from the rumen.

Benchmarking the Efficacy of Salvage Systemic Therapies for Recurrent Meningioma: A RANO Group Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Guide Clinical Trial Design.

Background: Despite advances in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of meningioma progression and innovations in systemic and local treatments, recurrent meningiomas remain a substantial therapeutic challenge. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to provide a historical baseline, contemporary analysis, and propose a "rate of probable interest" to inform future clinical trial design and development on behalf of the RANO meningioma group.

Methods: PubMed, ClinicalTrials.

Kifunensine-sensitive ADP-ribosylation factor A1EG69R mutant revealed coordination of protein glycosylation and vesicle transport pathways.

Complex N-glycans are asparagine (N)-linked branched sugar chains attached to secretory proteins in eukaryotes. They are produced by modification of N-linked oligosaccharide structures in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. Complex N-glycans formed in the Golgi apparatus are often assigned specific roles unique to the host organism, with their roles in plants remaining largely unknown.

Stanniocalcin 1 in patients with refractory colorectal cancer treated with regorafenib: A post-hoc biomarker analysis of the TEXCAN and CORRECT trials.

Biomarkers for anti-angiogenic drugs in chemo-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are lacking. We investigated the relationship between stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) and outcomes in patients treated with regorafenib in the TEXCAN and CORRECT trials. Baseline plasma STC1 protein levels were measured by ELISA from patients with chemo-refractory mCRC enrolled in TEXCAN (regorafenib n=48) and CORRECT (placebo n=211; regorafenib n=435).

Molecular H as the Reducing Agent in Low-Temperature Oxide Reduction Using Calcium Hydride.

Low-temperature synthesis is crucial for advancing sustainable manufacturing and accessing novel metastable phases. Metal hydrides have shown great potential in facilitating the reduction of oxides at low temperatures, yet the underlying mechanism─whether driven by H, H, or atomic H─remains unclear. In this study, we employ electrical transport measurements and first-principles calculations to investigate the CaH-driven reduction kinetics in epitaxial α-FeO thin films.

Intramolecular Agostic Interactions and Dynamics of a Methyl Group at a Preorganized Dinickel(II) Site.

Alkyl nickel intermediates relevant to catalytic processes often feature agostic stabilization, but relatively little is known about the situation in oligonickel systems. The dinickel(I) complex K[LNi], which is based on a compartmental pyrazolato-bridged ligand L with two β-diketiminato chelate arms, or its masked version, the dihydride complex [KL(Ni-H)] that readily releases H, oxidatively add methyl tosylate to give diamagnetic [LNi(CH)] () with (Ni···Ni) ≈ 3.7 Å.

Japan's Conditional/Time-Limited Early Approval System in Regenerative Medicine: A Case Study of Rise and Falls of Autologous Skeletal Myoblast Sheets.

Japan's conditional/time-limited early approval program, initiated in 2014, aimed to advance regenerative medicine by expediting market access. However, the withdrawal of autologous skeletal myoblast sheets (Heartsheet) due to ineffectiveness raises concerns about the balance between rapid approval and scientific integrity. While the program seeks to boost innovation, it risks endorsing costly, unclear treatments under national health care.

The burden of Alagille syndrome: uncovering the potential of emerging therapeutics - a comprehensive systematic literature review.

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a rare, cholestatic multiorgan disease associated with bile duct paucity, leading to cholestasis. Clinical symptoms of cholestasis include debilitating pruritus, xanthomas, fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, growth failure, renal disease and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The main objective was to review the current literature on the epidemiological, clinical, psychosocial and economic burden of ALGS in view of the development of ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors.

Archaeology retains a central role for studying the behavioral and cognitive evolution of our species and genus.

Our species' behavioral and cognitive evolution constitute a key research topic across many scientific disciplines. Based on ethnographic hunter-gatherer data, Stibbard-Hawkes challenges the common link made between past material culture and cognitive capacities. Despite this adequate criticism, archaeology must retain a central role for studying these issues due to its unique access to relevant empirical evidence in deep time.

All that glitters is not gold: The false-symbol problem in archaeology.

Stibbard-Hawkes forcefully alerts us to the pitfall of false-negative reasoning in symbolic archaeology. We highlight the twin problem of false-positive reasoning in what we call the "false-symbol problem." False symbols are intuitively special entities that, owing to their non-utilitarian nature, invite symbolic interpretation.

Proposing the DN(C)-model of material evidence for well-calibrated claims about past cultures.

Stibbard-Hawkes presents a much-needed case for distinguishing between different types of evidence for cognition in past cultures. However, he does not outline an applicable approach for moving forward in making claims about the cognition of past cultures. We present an initial model for calibrating both absolute and comparative claims about past cultures' cognition and other traits.

Synthesis and Structure of Methylated Acetylenic Nitriles.

Cyanoacetylene and dicyanoacetylene react in the ternary methylation system CHF/SbF/SO under the formation of its corresponding -monomethylated and -dimethylated species, respectively. Additionally, in the case of dicyanoacetylene, an -dimethylated HF-addition product was obtained. The salts were characterized by low-temperature vibrational spectroscopy.

Pre-emptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viraemia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and death in solid organ transplant recipients. Pre-emptive treatment of patients with CMV viraemia using antiviral agents has been suggested as an alternative to routine prophylaxis to prevent CMV disease. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2006 and updated in 2013.

Non-native species have higher consumption rates than their native counterparts.

Non-native species can be major drivers of ecosystem alteration, especially through changes in trophic interactions. Successful non-native species have been predicted to have greater resource use efficiency relative to trophically analogous native species (the Resource Consumption Hypothesis), but rigorous evidence remains equivocal. Here, we tested this proposition quantitatively in a global meta-analysis of comparative functional response studies.

Insights into the molecular underpinning of type 2 diabetes complications.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) complications pose a significant global health challenge. Omics technologies have been employed to investigate these complications and identify the biological pathways involved. In this review, we focus on four major T2D complications: diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications.

The role of CNBP in brain atrophy and its targeting in myotonic dystrophy type 2.

Myotonic Dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a multisystem disease affecting many tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. DM2 is caused by unstable expansion of CCTG repeats in an intron 1 of a gene coding for cellular nuclear binding protein (CNBP). The expanded CCTG repeats cause DM2 pathology due to the accumulation of RNA CCUG repeats, which affect RNA processing in patients' cells.

High-throughput Experimentation Enables the Development of a Nickel-catalyzed Cyanation Platform for (Hetero)aryl Halides.

A novel screening platform for the nickel-catalyzed cyanation of (hetero)aryl halides relying on the use of air-stable Ni(COD)DQ at low loading is reported. Through high-throughput experimentation (HTE), various ligand and solvent combinations are systematically explored, allowing the fast identification of suitable conditions. This standardized workflow serves as an excellent starting point for selecting other competent nickel precatalysts and for further optimization of reluctant substrates.

Comparative Study of Iminodibenzyl and Diphenylamine Derivatives as Hole Transport Materials in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently achieved over 26% power conversion efficiency, challenging the dominance of silicon-based alternatives. This progress is significantly driven by innovations in hole transport materials (HTMs), which notably influence the efficiency and stability of PSCs. However, conventional organic HTMs like PTAA, although highly efficient, suffer from thermal degradation, moisture ingress, and high cost.

Intratumor Heterogeneity Predicts Prognosis in Lepidic Predominant Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Objective: Among the different subtypes of invasive lung adenocarcinoma, lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma (LPA) has been recognized as the lowest-risk subtype with good prognosis. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the heterogeneity within LPA tumors and to better understand the influence of other sub-histologies on survival outcome.

Methods: Overall, 75 consecutive patients with LPA in pathologic stage I (TNM 8th edition) who underwent resection between 2010 and 2022 were included into this retrospective, single center analysis.

A Multicellular In Vitro Model of the Human Intestine with Immunocompetent Features Highlights Host-Pathogen Interactions During Early Salmonella Typhimurium Infection.

Studying the molecular basis of intestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens at the tissue level is challenging, because most human intestinal infection models have limitations, and results obtained from animals may not reflect the human situation. Infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) have different outcomes between organisms. 3D tissue modeling of primary human material provides alternatives to animal experimentation, but epithelial co-culture with immune cells remains difficult.

SAHD-10: Development and initial validation of a short version of the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death based on a large multinational sample.

Objectives: Wishes to hasten death (WTHDs) are common in patients with serious illness. The Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD) is a validated 20-item instrument for measuring WTHD. Two short versions have also been developed based on statistical item selection.

Real-world psoriasis treatment patterns and disease burden in Germany, with a focus on biologics and apremilast: data from a German statutory health insurance database.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory skin disease, with increasing prevalence; however, few studies have reported real-world prescription patterns and healthcare burden.

Objectives: This retrospective, observational cohort study used statutory health insurance claims data (January 2014-December 2019) to estimate prevalence/incidence of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in Germany. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns/compliance, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU)/costs were evaluated, focusing on apremilast and anti-interleukin (IL) and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biologics.